Brutuss Reasoning in Julius Caesar by Shakespeare Essay

In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Julius Caesar, the protagonist, Brutus, conspires against and successfully kills Caesar; to only find the city he loves in chaos and mutiny from his actions. Brutus in the eyes of many people was a noble and honorable man who loved and adored the city of Rome, and no person thought more of this than Caesar. To Caesar, Brutus was the son he never had, and his love of Brutus was known, therefore the thought of Brutus betraying him was absurd. However, imagine if not only Brutus did not love Caesar, but he hated him. If that was the situation in the Julius Caesar, the play would then change drastically, with almost every quote from Brutus changing. If this is the case, Brutus’ hatred of Caesar and love of†¦show more content†¦When the conspirators were discussing plan on how they should preceed on killing Caesar , Brutus made it very apparent on how the killing should go, stating â€Å"Let’s kill him boldly but not wra thfully. / Let’s carve him as a dish fit for gods, / Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds.† This meant that Brutus loved Caesar enough to respect his remains and not have the murder perceived as gruesome but as essential for Rome to remain free, peaceful and have liberty. Brutus wanted his body to be in such pristine condition that it would be fit for the gods. He was keeping in mind that he was not killing Caesar out of his personal strife, but for greater well-being of Rome. This way of thinking would affect the murder from being seen as savage to humane, only doing what was necessary to kill him. However this would mind-set would change if Brutus hated Caesar. Brutus would not care to respect a body of a man he hated, he would want to kill him wrathfully, and try to cause the most pain he possibly could. In the last paragraph, I explained how the murder of Caesar would be gruesome if Brutus actually did hate Caesar rather than in the actual play were he did love C aesar. Well after the conspirators stabbed Caesar to death in the street, Brutus announced to the other conspirators, â€Å"And let us bathe our hands in Caesar’s blood/ Up to the elbows, and besmear ourShow MoreRelated Comparison of the Two Speeches in Julius Caesar Essays890 Words   |  4 PagesComparison of the Two Speeches in Julius Caesar    In William Shakespeares play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, two speeches are given to the people of Rome about Caesars death. In Act 3, Scene 2 of this play Brutus and Antony both try to sway the minds of the Romans toward their views. Brutus tried to make the people believe he killed Caesar for a noble cause. Antony tried to persuade the people that the conspirators committed an act of brutality toward Caesar and were traitors. The effectivenessRead MoreThe Power Of Words : Julius Caesar1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe Power of Words (Major Assignment: Julius Caesar Analysis) Initially, the thought of having at least a dynamic character with some sort of clemency to live from their mistakes would be conspicuous in most analogies, but â€Å"Julius Caesar,† written by William Shakespeare, is no exception. This tragedy took place in an era where mythological divinities were once believed; hence, this play settled across the capital of Rome, Italy. According to Aristotle, tragedy has six main elements: plot, characterRead MoreUse of Rhetorical Appeals in Julius Caesar: Brutus vs Antony846 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Brutus and Antony attempt to persuade the audience of their position on the death of Caesar. While Brutus explains that his death was necessary, Antony claims that Caesar was not deserving of his demise. However, though Brutus does have ample credibility and taps into the emotional link with his audience to some extent, he does not convey as powerful of an argument as Antony, as he fails to provide sufficien t factual evidence. Antony, on the other hand, utilizes logicalRead MoreJulius Caesar - English Yr 12 - Conflicting Perspectives Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesThis can be seen through the texts Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, the article Arguments Against Abortion by Kerby Anderson and the essay ‘Abortion and the Alternatives by Voula Papas. In the text Julius caesar conflicting perspectives can be seen in act 3 scene one where both Brutus and Antony give speeches about caesars death. In Brutus’s speech he uses a number of rhetorical features and logic to convince the Plebeians that the killing of Caesar was carried out for the â€Å"goodness ofRead MoreJake Beidler. Mrs. Voshell. Honors English 10. 5 May 2017.1444 Words   |  6 PagesJake Beidler Mrs. Voshell Honors English 10 5 May 2017 The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, more like The Tragedy of Brutus The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is one of the better known, yet lesser understood theater installments by William Shakespeare in the Sixteenth Century. The play was first performed September 21, 1599 in the Globe Theatre in London, England. In the play there are many different and unique characters, some complex, some simple. Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, better known as Brutus,Read MoreThe Action Of Leading A Group Or An Organization1143 Words   |  5 Pagestragic hero in the play, Julius Caesar, is a great example who has some significant good and bad leadership and language qualities. He is one of the â€Å"conspirators† whose main intention of murdering Julius caesar was because of the well-being of Rome. He was brainwashed and manipulated by the cunning, Cassius. He was very shrewd and didn’t want Julius Caesar alive because he wanted to become powerful and take over Rome. But,â€Å"Brutus† was a noble man and he only killed Caesar because Cassius manipu latedRead MoreShakespeares Tragic Hero in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar Essay example1876 Words   |  8 Pageshundreds of years The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare has been studied, reviewed, taught, read, and immortalized in films. Why would a voluminous amount of resources be poured into this simple play? As with Shakespeare’s other works, this play has been a great tool for English majors, authors, and any interested to have an insight on human action and reason. The tragedy follows Cassius and Brutus, the protagonists, as they seek to overthrow Julius Caesar from monarchy in Rome. They planRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar And Richard II Essay2239 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare’s Julius Caesar and Richard II are plays of tremendous interest for their political discourse. The commons play a lesser, but no less significant, role in this presentation of competing political and social ideologies. Shakespeare’s treatment of the comm oners in both plays is thought provoking in both their similarities and differences. In Richard II they are gifted with intellect, empathy and resolve, while in Julius Caesar they are a fickle collective lacking independence and reasoning. NeverthelessRead MoreJulius Caesar Speeches861 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a controversial play written by Shakespeare in 1599 which depicts the conflicts in the time of Caesar. The play is centered on the growing problem of Caesar becoming too powerful for Rome. The young Senator, Brutus, has to make the difficult decision to either oppose Caesar or to trust him and his vision for Rome. Ultimately, Brutus is persuaded by the Senator Cassius and together they gather a group of Senators with the plan to assassinate Caesar. After the murderRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of leadership in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar has been discussed and argued ever since the pla y was written. The most prevalent discussion of leadership in the play revolves around Shakespeare’s tragic hero, Marcus Brutus, and the cause of his downfall. According to Shakespeare critic James Bundy, â€Å"Brutus... is a man whose affections sway more than his reason, in whom there is this tragic confederacy of passion and imagination against reason† (qtd. in Palmer 402). Ernest Shanzer, however

Similarities Between Walt Whitman And O Captain My Captain

After reading both O Captain! My Captain!, and An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, it is realized that there are many obvious similarities between them. Out of all of the shared threads between these two texts, the most important one is the idea of patriotism. Not only that, but also the anguish suffered as a result of patriotism. Throughout both texts, there are various examples of loving one’s country. Both of the main characters from these texts feel that the obligations to one’s country is something that never ends until one’s own life ends. In the first text, O Captain! My Captain! by Whitman, the author is writing from the heart since Walt Whitman did actually know and have a close relationship with Lincoln. While it may seem like†¦show more content†¦In both texts, an attachment to one’s country is evident. For example, in O Captain! My Captain!, one quote that shows devotion to one’s country is, â€Å"O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills.† This is the author of the story begging this man, his hero and father figure, to rise up from his wounds and celebrate their victory. The author begs to awaken to find that the captain being deceased is a wicked dream of sorts, but to no avail. When it is realized that this man that the author admires so much is Abraham Lincoln, it is clear that Whitman loved and nearly worshipped Lincoln, the captain of the ship that is America. In the same sense, The Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge shares a similar message of undying allegiance to one’s nation. Farquhar is unjustly executed at the hands of the Union soldiers all because, â€Å"No service was too humble for him to perform in aid of the South, no adventure too perilous for him to undertake if consistent with the character of a civilian who was at heart a soldier.† In short, he died because his dedication could not. This is extremely comparable to the events of O Captain! My Captain!, since both Farquhar and Lincoln died because of their patriotism. While these cases may be on much different scales, one a common man trying his best and the other a revered leader with an entire nation on their shoulders, it does not negate the factShow MoreRelated Dealing with Death in Whitman’s O Captain! My Captain! and Tennyson’s Crossing the Bar1030 Words   |  5 PagesDealing with Death in Whitman’s O Captain! My Captain! and Tennyson’s Crossing the Bar Life and death are recurring topics in literature; they are not often referred to directly, but are inferred from figurative language. In Walt Whitman’s poem entitled â€Å"O Captain! My Captain† from his anthology of poems, Leaves of Grass, he describes the passing of Abraham Lincoln through the use of an extended metaphor. Similarly, â€Å"Crossing the Bar,† by Lord Alfred Tennyson, from his collection of poetryRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement, Fourth Edition I. Management 17 17 2. The Evolution of Management Thought Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy †¢ Leadership, Fifth Edition I. Leadership is a Process, Not a Position 51 51 70 1. Leadership is Everyone’s Business 2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change

For Years To Come And Essay Example For Students

For Years To Come And Essay hopefully they will also serve as a constant reminder and warning ofwhat is to come if our societycontinues its current trend of not caring. Orwell will forever beremembered for his keen insight andhis great ability for thinking a situation all the way through andpredicting all possible outcomes. BibliographyBloom, Harold, ed., George Orwell. Twentieth-Century BritishLiterature, vol. 4, New York:Chealsea House Publishers, 1987. Bloom, Harold, ed., George Orwell. Classic Science Fiction Writers,New York: Chelsea HousePublishers, 1995. Caldo, Robert L., George Orwell. Modern British Essayists, firstseries, Gale Research Inc.,1990Frederick, Karl R., George Orwell: White Mans Burden. A ReadersGuide to theContemporary English Novel, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972. Reilly, Patrick, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Boston, Twayne Publishers, 1988. Roby, Kinley E., ed, George Orwell, Boston, Twayne Publishers, 1987. Scott-Kilvert, Ian, ed., George Orwell. British Writers, vol. VII,Collier Macmillan, 1984. Smyer, Richard, Animal Farm: Pastoralism and Politics, Boston, TwaynePublishers, 1988. Woodcock, George, The Crystal Spirit: A Study of George Orwell, Little,Brown Company,1966.

Synthesis free essay sample

In Barbara Ehrenreich’s work of fiction called Serving in Florida, she describes the struggles of an average waitress trying to survive a minimum wage job. In this work, the speaker reveals how workers are not allowed breaks and â€Å"for six to eight hours in a row, you never sit except to pee† (pg. 3). She also talks about the physical pain she’s in from carrying trays saying â€Å"I start tossing back drugstore-brand ibuprofens as if they were vitamin C† (p. 4). Even with all this painstaking work, the speaker can only afford to live in a dingy trailer park because she is working off of minimum wage. As shown by the chart titled Poverty Rate Rises, the number of people living below the poverty line in 2010 was 15. 1% and it continues to increase. People are working hard as shown in Ehrenreich’s Serving in Florida, yet many are unable to rise above the poverty line because minimum wage is too low. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, and nothing helpful is being done to end this. In the satire titled â€Å"Gap Between Rich and Poor Named 8th Wonder of the World†, the author shows his disapproval of the gap through sarcasm. The author describes how many people have attempted to cross the gap but â€Å"only a small fraction have ever succeeded and many have died in the attempt† (para. 11). This sarcastic quote brings out the point that very few are able to rise above poverty and be successful. The author describes how the gap has been preserved â€Å"due to a small group of dedicated politicians and industry leaders† (para. 12). This quote means that because of wealthy politicians and selfish industry leaders who do not want to pay their employees more, the minimum wage is not raised, and the gap remains. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is another satiric piece of work about how England should handle the increasing poverty in Ireland in 1729. Though this was written many years ago, it is still relevant now, because like the English, our government is doing little to help the poor. Swift presents his solution to the hunger problem in Ireland. He suggests that a child is â€Å"most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food† (p. 395). In this essay, Swifts explains how children should be sold as food and that would solve many problems. Swift shows how insensitive and ignorant the government and the wealthy can be of the impoverished population. Instead of resorting to eating children, the minimum wage should be raised so people do not have to worry about how they will be able to afford food and other necessities for survival. The minimum wage should be raised so Americans can live a comfortable life and not worry about where they are going to get their next meal from or where they are going to sleep that night. The evidence provided showed how hardworking Americans deserve to have a higher minimum wage because that is the only way they can live without struggle.

buy custom The Limits of Acceptable Change essay

buy custom The Limits of Acceptable Change essay A central wilderness management goal is restoring or maintaining solitude and naturalness qualities. Sometimes human-induced changes usually threat the quality of solitude and naturalness qualities of the wilderness. It is possible to eliminate recreational changes if the management prohibits incorrect use of the wilderness by visitors. Because of this, wilderness management challenge is not preventing human induced change, but deciding on the extent of change allowable, where this changed is allowed and the control actions the management can use. This paper looks into the amount of allowable change, explicitly defined by quantitative standard means, procedural evaluation and monitoring of management as well as the apposite management actions. The processes of LAC oblige managers to characterize needed conditions of the wilderness and undertake appropriate measures to achieve and maintain these conditions. Certain pressures influence these conditions, including fire control, recreation, mining, and grazing. Despite having identified recreation as an important concern of LAC, it is important to emphasize that the management of the wilderness absorbs more than recreation. The following LAC processes provide a structure for managing the dilemma of accommodating human use, yet preserving the quality of the wilderness. These processes provide basic attention to the conditions of the wilderness that are present, and those that the management judge as acceptable. An important aspect of the LAC process is the explicit recognition of the value of presenting diverse wilderness circumstances. Putting in mind that any wilderness use usually results into some amount of effect, the processes oblige managers to identify locations of dama ge, the extent and the appropriate or acceptable degrees of change. The LAC process includes four fundamental components; the first component is specifying the achievable and satisfactory resource and social conditions, through measurable parameters. The second component is analyzing the relationship between the conditions that already exists and those that the management judges as acceptable. Thirdly, the management must identify the necessary actions for achieving the conditions and lastly, the management must establish a program for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the management. The four components are further divided into nine steps in order to facilitate their application. The first step is identifying an area of concern or issue, step two us defining and describing class opportunity, step three is selecting resource indicators and social conditions, step four, establishing an inventory resource, step five, specifying resource conditions and social indicators, s tep six identifying alternative allocations for opportunity class. Step seven includes identifying appropriate management actions for every alternative, followed by an evaluation and selection of an effective alternative, and finally, implementing actions and monitor conditions. Application of the LAC The application of LAC follows is a step by step process, focus on each of the nine steps. In the applicatio in Singapore zoo, it is necessary to define an issue area as well as concerns of the public and the management. Singapore Zoo is the earliest and most important zoo in Singapore. Because it attracts numerous visitors every year, a common issue that the management has identified is animal feeding and littering. In the application, the first step is identifying and describing opportunity classes. The opportunities that both the public and the management identify are littering, over crowding and animal feeding. After this, it is necessary to select resource and social conditions indicators. The possible indicators here include recreationist encounters, forage utilization and multiple trails. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum This is a behavioural approach, which helps land managers identify and provide diversified recreational opportunities for public land managers (Diamantis, 2004). It recognizes the human beings seek not just a recreational site, but a complex experience that comes from a mixture of related factors. This tool allows managers to zone, describe and provide varied experiences fro recreation to the public, while acknowledging that no one land piece can offer an entire spectrum of recreational activities. The spectrum that ROS identifies the range on a continuum of primitive to semi-primitive, natural to rural, motorized to reloaded, to urban. Every classification has different sorts of settings. Primitive classification may focus on the social setting that is most appropriate for encounters with less than six parties days on trial (Pigram , M.J 2006). on the other hand, reloaded natural may focus on necessary social setting, which allows moderate to the high road contacts. ROS seeks to ide ntify large land polygons, where specific recreational experiences would be most available to the public. It has tentative specifications, which are expressed in percentage range. ROS also understands that when people consider outdoor recreation opportunities, they make choices on activities, settings and recreational experiences. A recreation opportunity setting refers to a combination of social, biological, physical and managerial conditions, which adds value to a place. in this respect, an opportunity includes nature qualities (landscapes, vegetation and scenery), recreational use qualities (types and levels of use ) and conditions that the management provides (regulations, roads and developments). It is possible for the management to provide recreational opportunities when it combines these variations. The primary assumption under ROS is that management can assure outdoor recreation quality by providing diversified opportunities. There are numerous preferences and tastes for recreational activities, however, many visitors consider personalized quality as the most important quality. Recreation opportunities should provided different psychological outcomes, Application of the ROS Managers can use ROS to offer visitors with certain information about what the site is like, and not the experiences visitors should expect. The visitors opportunity choice will offer feedback on the degree to which opportunities accomplish the outcomes that visitors desired. ROS provides a framework that varies situational attributes explicitly, in order to yield several recreational opportunities. The recreationists will utilize these opportunities to derive satisfaction. The opportunity factor is defined using several factors including access, non recreational resource uses, onsite management, social interaction, visitor management acceptability and acceptable regimentation level. Types of access include trails, cross-country travel and roads. ROS helps management design and define access systems. Research indicates wide preference in the type of access that cuts across many conditions (Dawson Hendee, 2008). Non recreational resource factor considers the extent of use of non recr eational resources such as grazing and mining. For example, visitors to semi arid primitive locations with roads usually accept logging and grazing, though they may express concerns over large clear cuts. On site management feature includes modifications to the site such as vegetation of exotic species, landscaping, vegetation management and traffic barriers. Evaluating the appropriateness of site management is done by considering four elements; modification extent, modification extent, modification apparentness, and facilities. The fourth factor is social interaction. Recreationists tend to have low interaction levels in primitive settings while the opposite is observable in modern settings. Insufficient interaction levels in certain settings especially modern, is sometimes undesirable, as is excessive interaction levels in primitive settings (Jamal Robinson, 2009). Managers of sites must pay attention to the necessary type of use for every setting. For example, in primitive setti ngs, recreationists may travel by foot while cars and automobiles are most applicable in modern settings. The fifth factor in ROS is visitor impacts accessibility. These impacts may be felt by other people through noises or on resources through pollution and trampling. Any use on sites usually result into some impact, therefore, it is upon the management to decide on the appropriate levels of impacts. Managers must maintain equal opportunities for excellent recreation. They must also maintain and protect the values of other resources. To do this, they must identify the appropriate levels of impact, which is done through environmental analysis. The last factor is acceptable regimentation, which describes the extent, nature and control level of opportunities. Modern opportunities tend to be more organized and regulate, compared to primitive ones. To achieve efficiency, managers combine these factors in order to cove a comprehensive spectrum of recreational opportunities. This combinat ion determines the allowable range for recreational activities. The ROS offers a thinking strategy for managers, which helps them determine recreation opportunities appropriate for specific areas. However, ROS also has application in planning and allocating recreational resources, matching the recreationist experiences with their desired opportunities, and estimating the impacts of decisions made by management over recreational opportunities. Buy custom The Limits of Acceptable Change essay

The Political and Social Partition of India †History Essay

The Political and Social Partition of India – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Political and Social Partition of India History Essay The political and social partition of India was several decades in the making. The ‘Hindus’ and ‘Muslims’ in India were of a mindset completely different from that of the British. Prior to British colonialism ‘Hindus’ and ‘Muslims’ did not identify themselves as such. The lines between each religion were blurred. After the British colonized India, they began to identify these similar groups of people purely on the basis of their religious beliefs. The effects were not significant to begin with, but as time went on they began to root themselves within Indian culture. Those people who were once ignorant to religious profiling began to do so in their own right, without coercion from the British. Each generation following the previous one cultivated this prejudice and it infected India like a virus. Politically the two religious factions were rivals. Their ideas and interests clashed in every way possible. There were external factors that contributed a great deal. British colonialism got the ball rolling. The differences between Muslim and Hindu became clearer every day until it tore the country in half. From the day the East India Company introduced itself into the subcontinent until the time Indian won its independence a great deal of change occurred, most of which could be attributed to the birth and rise of the East Indian Company. Although the significant changes were not made until and after Lord George Nathaniel Curzon arrived in India as viceroy in 1899. Curzon was â€Å"convinced that efficient administration by benevolent autocratic rulers best served the country (Metcalf Metcalf 153).† Lord Curzon was an extremely driven and effective viceroy, who was also said to be both overbearing and arrogant. Towards the beginning of his stint as viceroy Curzon did what he could to keep the diverse group of people that inhabited India happy, but his popularity vanished promptly. Curzon was very surprised because he had assumed that such reforms as establishing the department of commerce and industry and the Archeological Survey of India, as well as supporting agricultural rese arch would â€Å"keep the masses content and the politically active chastened (Metcalf Metcalf 154)† It became clear to Curzon that he needed to make a much bolder political move in order to keep the people happy. After all it had been less than forty years since the last revolt, and Curzon knew he would be responsible if it happened again. In 1905 Curzon announced his intentions to split Bengal into separate provinces. The Hindu population was outraged, especially the upper caste bhadraloks, they believed this was an attempt by the British to reduce their power. Bengal was considered the ‘divine Mother’ by the bhadralok, and Curzon’s plan to split Bengal would give the Muslims control of western Bengal. At this point the lower caste ‘Hindus’ did not concern themselves much with politics, but the bhadralok needed their support in order to successfully secure Bengal from what they believed to be Muslim oppression. In order to gain the support they needed, the bhadralok began what they would deem the ‘swadeshi movement.’ The purpose of the swadeshi movement was first to create a national Hindu identity and second to utilize this nationalist identity to oppose both the British and Muslims. The bhadralok took their first steps towards creating the national ‘Hindu’ i dentity by utilizing popular religious symbols to promote nationalistic principles. This tactic was extremely effective; it mesmerized the common Hindu and placed the bhadralok in a very powerful position. The bhadralok began the swadeshi movement, and furthered the nationalist movement, but their power would not last. In a short period of time the nationalist movement became so far reaching that there was no way to control it. â€Å"Nationalists across the country took up Bengal’s cause. Calcutta came alive with rallies, bonfires of foreign goods, petitions, newspapers and posters.† The Hindu nationalist movement had taken root in Bengal and was quickly spreading, gaining more support each day. It was only a matter of time before the bhadralok’s vision of freeing India from Muslim oppression would become a reality (Metcalf Metcalf 155-56). In the meantime, the partition of Bengal and other reforms motivated the Muslims to seek more political autonomy in India. In 1906, lead my Aga Khan, the Muslim population in India, â€Å"urged the viceroy†¦to grant Muslims a representation that would reflect not only their numerical strength, but also their political importance (Metcalf Metcalf 158)† Although this became a popular idea amongst the Muslims, the British, hesitant to give up any of their governmental power, didn’t give it much thought. Although the British didn’t want to give up any governmental power to the Muslims, they needed to keep them happy. In 1911 the king-emperor George V announced three ‘boons’. First the capital of India would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This not only moved the capital out of the politically active Calcutta, it also reminded Muslims of a past Mughal glory. Next the partition of Bengal would be nullified and the British would recognize its power b y making it a governor’s province. Now that the partition of Bengal was repealed the Muslims were back to square one, the entire basis of their power was dependant upon their influence over western Bengal. Despite this setback the Muslims were now determined to become more actively involved in Indian government (Metcalf Metcalf In 1913 Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League. Prior to Jinnah joining the Muslim League, it had significantly less power than it did after he joined. The Muslims were still under the thumb of both the British and even the Hindus, but an important piece of legislation would be passed in 1916 titled the Lucknow Pact. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim league met agreeing to the principle of separate electorates for Muslims in the larger interest of Hindu-Muslim unity against colonial rule. The Lucknow Act could be considered a victory for both the Hindus and the Muslims, after all the Hindus gained a powerful ally in their fight against British rule and the Muslims were finally making progress in their fight for a more active roll in government. Although the short-term effects were positive, this marks a crucial point in the social interaction between the two religious groups (Jalal 415). Muslims were not happy with the fact that they were the minority. The Lucknow Pact may have brought out the best in the two religious groups, but it was just a start. The Muslims and Hindus had to wait thirty more years before they would finally achieve independence from the British and the creation the two new nation-states of India and Pakistan in 1947. Now that the independence of India and Pakistan was reality the religious factions would no longer have an oppressive government to fight together, so they began to fight each other. â€Å"Independence was to be disfigured by the ugly horrors of riot and massacre.† The Hindus were more than anxious to finally separate themselves from the Muslims whom they believed were disgracing their mother land simply by living there. Although there is no way to be completely accurate calculating how many deaths there were during the riots, it is said that over a half million people were killed. Fourteen million people who were not killed became refugees and were forced out of the country. â€Å"What made the moment of independence particularly bitter was that neither of the two new states turned out to be quite what its proponents had hoped for (Pandey 613).† Even though Pakistan was supposed to become a homeland for every Muslim that had inhabited India, nearly ninety-million remained and were dispersed throughout the country. This gave rise to a very hot debate for both new nation states, should they choose to be secular or not? Although no formal political decisions were made Pakistan was doing everything in its power to make Pakistan a homogenous nation. Hindus who inhabited Pakistani lands that were once part of India became refugees, and Muslims who still lived in India were to be removed and there land handed over to the Hindus. Those people who would not migrate to their respective land faced a great deal of opposition. â€Å"†¦killing and counterkilling, massacre and countermassacre could not g o on endlessly without destroying everything and everybody, by the fact that in some areas there was no one left to kill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Pandey 614). Ten percent of India was still Muslim, even after all the terrible things they were subjected to while they were there. The people that stayed in India who were Muslim no longer had an identity outside of being Muslim in the eyes of those Hindus in India. They were not trusted and were treated as second-class citizens who didn’t belong. Relations became so cold between Muslims and Indians at this point that there was even thoughts of war between the two countries. The Congress Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Govind Ballabh Pant had this to say in regards to his feelings toward those Muslims who chose to stay in India. â€Å"Every Muslim in India would be required to shed his blood fighting the Pakistani hordes, and each one should search his heart now, and decide whether he should migrate to Pakistan or not (Pandey 617)† After the British colonized India, they began to identify these similar groups of people purely on the basis of their religious beliefs. The effects were not significant to begin with, but as time went on they began to root themselves within Indian culture. Those people who were once ignorant to religious profiling began to do so in their own right, without further coercion from the British. Each generation following the previous one cultivated this prejudice and it infected India like a virus. Politically the two religious factions were rivals. Their ideas and interests clashed in every way possible. The differences between Muslim and Hindu became clearer every day until it tore the country in half. The creation of the two nation-states India and Pakistan, it turns out, was not even the tip of the iceberg. The Hindus and Muslims held an unfathomable amount of contempt for each other, all of which was based on nothing other then they practiced different religions. The two countries w ere being assembled by religious zealots who refused to seek compromise, and had no tolerance for anything the opposite people believed in. If the British had not colonized India by way of the East India Company in 1600, here is no telling what would have become of India. It is clear that the British are responsible for what nearly could be considered a civil war in India. Hundreds of thousands of innocent people were killed, all of which could have easily been avoided. Of course the British cannot be blamed solely for these atrocities, but if it had not been for the British one wonders what India would be like today if the British had never settled there. Research Papers on The Political and Social Partition of India - History EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic EngineeringWhere Wild and West Meet

Believing in illusion and accepting it as reality Essay

Believing in illusion and accepting it as reality - Essay Example Moreover, the media can easily give a bad name to anyone or exonerate the guilty, regardless of the truth. Thus, people are fooled and made to believe that whatever the media says is gospel truth. The media is also responsible for inventing false beliefs and prejudices, just like the shadows in the cave in Plato’s allegory. The media preaches racial discrimination, the normality of homosexuality, hatred and other forms of things that put the human being in shackles. In fact, the sign of bondage is evident in the line, â€Å"†¦and if any one tried to loose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch the offender, and they would put him to death† (Plato). Thus, it would be hard to disbelieve because if you have a different opinion from the rest, you will naturally be ostracized or even literally put to death. What then do we make of these people who keep on believing the illusions produced by the media? Pitiful. Indeed, as Plato asked Glaucon, â€Å"†¦do you not suppose that he [the discoverer of the sun and the visible world] would felicitate himself on the change, and pity them?† (Plato). Truly, those who have not seen the truth remain not only in their bondage but also in their

The European Debt Crisis, Can the World Ignore it and Keep it European Research Paper

The European Debt Crisis, Can the World Ignore it and Keep it European - Research Paper Example Most of these outcomes are as a result of the stimulus packages that were passed by the European governments in an aim to stop the economic crisis that is taking place in Europe1. Most the European governments have spent a lot of resources on the stimulus packages in an attempt of preventing themselves from great collapse but have in turn created a debt crisis2. i. Thesis Statement With reference to the discussion question given, this paper will analyze if the world can afford to ignore the European debt crisis and leave it to the Europeans. It will also analyze the causes of the crisis and what the European governments are doing to try and solve the impending crisis which is threatening to destroy the prosperity of the European countries which have been economically stable as compared to the rest of the continent. ii. Discussion The world cannot ignore the European debt crisis because the European countries came into these debts as a result of trying to solve the financial crisis th at many countries were facing at the time. This debt crisis has made so difficult for most of the European countries to finance the debts that are owed by their governments without any assistance from the outside world. By the end of 2010, over 90 of the biggest banks in Europe had lent over 760 Euros to countries like Ireland, Portugal, Italy, Greece and Spain. Due to this, the bank system in Europe is on the verge of recession. Every attempt at being made to save a bank system that is struggling with that, the same banking system had lent a lot of money to governments. Despite the financial crisis that is being faced by European governments that Euro has managed to remain stable on the financial market although many financial analysts have predicted of its loosing of strength against all the other market currencies3. In November 2011, it was seen that the Euro was trading slightly higher in the financial market than it was at the beginning of the financial crisis. Three countries that were most affected by the financial crisis were Greece, Ireland and Portugal. These three countries account for 6% of the Eurozone’s gross domestic products (GDP) collectively4. iii. Causes The European debt crisis was caused by the financial markets and other financial institutions which were greedy and blind in terms of the eurozone. In addition to that, there was the adoption of the Euro which led to the biggest drop in the interest rates and a lack of confidence from financial institutions to the European governments5. The domestic demand for finance also went very high which in turn cause a surge in the financial sector and in turn caused the a crisis. The growth of the Eurozone countries which was driven by the services offered domestically and construction was accelerated while the export industry in these countries remained in the same position thereby causing abundance in the foreign capital invested in the Eurozone countries. When European countries went to sav e the globe from a financial crisis, the European countries ended up with debts that the governments cannot afford to pay for. In the meantime as this looming crisis was at hand, Germany was transformed in a historic transformation to become one of the world’s largest exporters6. There was also excessive lending by financial institutions which led to a loss of competitiveness due to the unsound economic developments in several Eurozone countries

Product Differentiation Essay Example for Free

Product Differentiation Essay Definition: Development or incorporation of attributes (such as benefits, price, quality, styling, service, etc.) that a products intended customers perceive to be different and desirable. Advertising and promotion of a product is based on its differentiating characteristics. Source: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product-differentiation.html Today, the market is crowded with similar brands, clamoring for the attention of customers. In order for their brands to stand out, companies strive hard to make them appear different from competing brands. This is product differentiation. Product differentiation is an objective that a business may try to achieve through its marketing. Any business, must try to differentiate products from those of competitors, so as to gain a ‘competitive edge’ over them, thereby attracting more customers. This difference can be achieved by altering the product- making it better than that of the competitor’s or it can be ‘perceived’- such as a strong brand identity developed in the promotional campaign. Need for product differentiation:  usually customers cannot tell the difference between competing products- hence the need to differentiate developing a competitive advantage Focus and differentiation A product may have a lot of attributes, but it is essential to focus on only few of the attributes. Eg: Volvo-safety, BMW-performance : but it doesn’t mean that Volvo does not perform or BMW is not safe. They have just focused on those aspects of their products. Therefore their products will be differentiated on that particular attribute. If a product claims to be good at everything, you run the risk of consumers not believing what you say, even though you may have all those attributes. If a product is focused: 1) more credible 2) customers will think that they are as strong in other areas. What to differentiate: Easiest way to differentiate is on price, but it is least effective as competitors can always copy it easily.Example: Indian computer market included companies such as HCL and IBM. Then came Siva from sterling computers which sold it’s computers at a cheaper price. Therefore others followed suit, and then Siva had to further differentiate it’s product in order to attract customers as competing products were similarly priced. Hence, it is better to differentiate on other attributes such as- features, performance, reliability, reparability, design, style, performance and so on. Examples: 1) Blackberry- Differentiated by addition of BBM in their smart phones. Although other smart phones with IM platforms existed, Blackberry was the one of the first to offer this service to customers as a standard on it’s devices. Their competition did not have any such service at the time. This attracted customers. 2) Promise- People thought promise was different from other toothpastes as it had clove oil however even some other toothpastes had clove oil, but only Promise focused on this attribute and hence it was perceived as a differentiating characteristic. 3) Hero Honda motorcycles- differentiated in terms of fuel efficiency- â€Å"fill it shut it, forget it† Branding and Product differentiation Branding is one way of differentiating products and services. Industries like the garments and tobacco industries, for example, use branding very effectively as the products within these segments are often very similar and have little to distinguish themselves from each other. Branding helps to retain customer loyalty. Example: Smokers, are very particular about their brand and believe that no other brand can satisfy them. In an experiment, 300 smokers who were loyal to 3 major brands were given an unidentifiable sample of each brand to smoke and were asked to identify their own brand. The result: only 35% were able to identify the brands; and under the law of averages, pure guesses accounted for a third of correct identifications. The reason for this was that brands of cigarettes within the same category (menthol for example) differ very marginally in terms of strength, flavour  and taste, and it is difficult for a smoker to truly distinguish between them. The reason why a smoker is loyal to a particular brand is the advertisment. Eg: Charminar: â€Å"it takes charminar to satisfy a man like you† reinforces that only Charminar can satisfy the man who smokes them! Product differentiation vs USP USP is not the same as Product differentiation. USP refers to advertising to communicate a products differentiation while Product differentiation is the process of describing the differences between products or services. Types of differentiation: Horizontal Differentiation: is by the customer’s preference/taste of certain characteristics of the product. (Same qualities/price, different style/taste/colour) Perceived value remains the same. (eg: different colours of lipsticks) Vertical: Products differ in some characteristic which all consumers agree is best. Based on quality. Prices differ as perceived value differs (eg: Different brands of lipstick: Mac, Lakme, Lipice) Horizontal differentiation is about consumers wants and preferences, while vertical differentiation focuses on the consumers willingness to pay for the quality. Remember: DO NOT offer wildly exaggerated differentiation that the market does not want. (eg: High priced men’s toilet soap â€Å"Aramusk† was unsuccessful due to price) DO NOT negate useful and expansive differentiation by under attending to other parts of the product- service package. The difference should be OVER AND ABOVE the MINIMUM expectations.†¨Example: Fancy hotels with poor service The product is not differentiated until the CUSTOMER understands the difference . The consumer perception is what matters.

Death of a Naturalist is concerned with growing up and loss of innocence :: English Literature

Death of a Naturalist is concerned with growing up and loss of innocence Death of a Naturalist† is concerned with growing up and loss of innocence. The poet vividly describes a childhood experience that precipitates a change in the boy from the receptive and protected innocence of childhood to the fear and uncertainty of adolescence. Heaney organises his poem in two sections, corresponding to the change in the boy. By showing that this change is linked with education and learning, Heaney is concerned with the inevitability of the progression from innocence to experience, concerned with the transformation from the unquestioning child to the reflective adult. The poem opens with an evocation of a summer landscape which has the immediacy of an actual childhood experience. There is also a sense of exploration in â€Å"in the heart/Of the townland;† which is consistent with the idea of learning and exploration inevitably leading to discovery and the troubled awareness of experience. To achieve this Heaney not only recreates the atmosphere of the flax-dam with accuracy and authenticity, but the diction is carefully chosen to create the effect of childlike innocence and naivety. The child’s natural speaking voice comes across in line 8; â€Å"But best of all†. The vividness of his description is achieved through Heaney’s use of images loaded with words that lengthen the vowels and have a certain weightiness in their consonants; â€Å"green and heavy-headed Flax had rotted there, weighted down by huge sods.† The sound of the insects which, â€Å"Wove a strong gauze of sound around the smell† is conveyed by the ‘s’ and ‘z’ sounds but also, importantly, acts like a bandage preventing the spread of decay. The images of decay, â€Å"festered†, â€Å"rotted†, â€Å"sweltered† and â€Å"the punishing sun† do not seem to trouble the boy in this first section (although they do prepare us for the second section and the loss of innocence); he takes a delight in the sensuousness of the natural world. The onomatopoeic â€Å"slobber† effectively conveys the boy’s relish for the tangible world around him. We can further see how he views this world by the words â€Å"clotted† and â€Å"jellied†; to the boy the frogspawn is like cream and jam, something to be touched and enjoyed. In section two everything changes. This change is marked by differences in tone, diction, imagery, movement and sound. The world is now a threatening place, full of ugliness and menace. However, it is not the world that has changed so much as the boy’s perception of it. There is still a strong emphasis on decay and putrefaction, but now it is not balanced by images suggesting the profusion of life. The sounds are no longer delicate (line 5), but are â€Å"coarse†, â€Å"bass† and

On Culture and Socialization

I chose these articles and chose to use it in an example of culture and socialization between males and females (gender) and discuss more in the following paragraph. The research I used, strongly suggests that there are still and will always be gender-specific communication traits. In my experience, a major requisite for effective intercommunication is making sure the receiver understands the message sent. Effective communication is not so much that I send a message -verbal or nonverbal -but that the person I am communicating with gets the message and responds. If not, miscommunication and misunderstandings may result. An example is when my husband and I have a disagreement over something. It surprises me how this can come from out of nowhere. Another prime example of an underlying cause of miscommunication is obviously due to the many different communication styles, content and method of interpretation of males and females. The interest in and importance of this topic solely, can be found not only in scholarly journals and books, but also in bestsellers. I have the book by Deborah Tannen, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, which is one of the main reasons I chose the two articles, especially the self- maintenance in conversation (including not just the control category, but achievement, opposition, attribution, anger, denial, withdrawal, and prevarication). I do believe I have experienced all of these topics in my marriage, let alone other interpersonal communications. For example, if my husband and I are in an argument, I know I’m right, no, really, because I’ve done the research; yet he still insists on telling me I’m wrong. My blood boils, maybe he knows this. Regardless, I need to work on my fight vs. flight methodology. He is not right, period. I belittle him in my mind for not knowing what I believe everyone would know. My behavior is almost incomprehensible at times concerning my desire to control, my level of anger in a belligerent way, and my actual denial in questioning myself about marrying an idiot. I don’t know how many times I have said something to the tune of, look, this is just not going to work out, blah, blah, blah, you should think about looking for somewhere else to live (knowing this will never happen in my level of commitment). Relationship therapist John Gray's 1992 bestselling book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus explains the difference in communication styles of men and women by humorously suggesting that they are from different planets, and that these differences contribute to communication conflicts. Gray puts forward that men and women often appear to be speaking entirely different languages, even when the vocabulary, syntax, and grammar they use are the same. Deborah Tannen, whose book, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, was on the New York Times Best Seller list for nearly four years and brought gender differences in communication style to the general public. Tannen contends that differences between the communication styles of women and men are the result of more than culture and socialization, but are inherent in the basic make up of each gender. Tannen, 1990) Taking a more scholarly perspective, Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz contends that among other things, the field of communication includes â€Å"the study of meaning, the study of how people convey ideas for themselves and to one another† (Leeds-Hurwitz, p. xv). Saying the same thing may have different meanings for men and for women. (Tannen, 1990) argues that men and women have different styles of con versing, of listening, of talking, and even have different purposes at stake in most conversations. She concludes that these different styles produce different meanings of the same words, and lead to miscommunication. In the three preceding paragraphs, I learned something I never knew. Wood stated â€Å"Researching communications between men and women reveals that the rules taught through childhood play are evident in adult interaction† (Wood, J. , 2004, p. 117). She makes the point, however, that â€Å"not all women follow rules of feminine communication communities and not all men follow rules of masculine ones† (Wood, J. 2004). Tannen contends, differences between the communication styles of women and men are the result of more than culture and socialization, but are inherent in the basic make up of each gender (Tannen, 1990). I never knew that, but I personally don’t think there is enough evidence, nor do I agree. I think just because a child might see his parents arguing the majority of the time and eventually divorcing after staying together for the sake of the children; it’s not always true about rules being taught in childhood play being evident in adult interaction. I think this statement might just need more research on the age of the child, if by rules she is referring to interpersonal communication, etc. I know many now adults who have been through a lot of negative interactions between their parents (arguing, fighting, and yelling at each other) while growing up to include general observation of adult conversation(s). These individuals have become excellent communicators, and have even mastered an ability to successfully teach interpersonal communications. The majority have also been in long-term what appears to be a successful marriage or relationship. I researched further in my book (next paragraph) to find out Tannen has some of the same thoughts as Wood on children being socially molded and trained to speak separate languages based on their gender. Because I used a published book and a scholarly article, and because of the information I learned, I have gained a motive to dig deeper into researching their theories and/or ideologies. Both Wood and Tannen agree â€Å"socialization in different gender communities’ accounts for some common misunderstandings between women and men† (Wood, 2004, p. 118). Tannen contends that men and women speak differently in face-to-face conversation because children are socially molded and trained to speak separate languages based on their gender. They both offer examples regarding how males and females discuss problems. When a woman tells a man about something that is troubling her, he responds by offering advice or a solution. On the other hand, women view communication as a way to build connections and are looking for empathy and discussion of feelings prior to advice. According to Wood â€Å"the most common complication in gender communication occurs when a woman says â€Å"Let's talk about us. To many men this often means trouble because they interpret the request as implying there is a problem in a relationship† (Wood, 2004, p. 118) and men are socialized to regard talking about a relationship useful only if there is a problem to be solved. Wood contends, however, that women feel problems are not the only reason to talk about a relationship. Women use talking to build intimacy. Tannen (1990, 1993) points out that both men and women need to understand the basic differences in their communication styles to find common ground and understanding. In spite of any genetic, biological or socialization factors that lead to ineffective communication between men and women (specifically my husband and I), effective interpersonal communication can be learned. I think once an understanding is reached, through patience and time, we (my husband and I) tend to accept; and as inept as it sounds, positively tolerate the opposite genders communications, and have more meaningful exchange of information, ideas and feelings in our personal communication. I’ve found different meanings in his actions whether verbal or non-verbal. We now agree to disagree and long ago came to understand what we once misunderstood in our interpersonal communication. At one point, when Tannen concluded that the different styles (genetic, biological or socialization factors) produce different meanings of the same words, and lead to miscommunication; I immediately thought of how these different meanings of the same words, etc. , in an interpersonal conversation could lead to a conversation of misunderstanding without the participants even knowing. As stated in Bridges not Walls, Editor John Stewart, the statement â€Å"I want to be me, but I need you† (confirmed by Stewart J. 2009, p. 95), made me seriously think about my true need to be both intrapersonal and interpersonal. So, from here, I feel I need to maintain a sort of parallel twist in working on culture and socialization, but not only verbally. I think when people think of interpersonal communication, they don’t consider nonverbal communication; which can als o lead to misunderstandings, or different interpretations of the same set of facts, causing breakdowns in communication. Television and magazine advertisements, as well as media portrayals of men and women, often perpetuate stereotypes. Men are macho and women are happy housewives or submissive playthings. It is important for effective communication not to make assumptions. On culture and socialization; I cringe at the fact that physical appearance is the most obvious nonverbal cue we present; it prompts others to perceive us with certain expected personality traits. It is a huge part of culture and socialization. In previous sociology experiments I’ve done, i. e. , I went into a grocery store and purchased a few items. I had just gotten out of bed a couple of hours earlier; no matter whom I had said anything to; one out of five people would respond. Even the cashier and bagboy were kind of stand offish. One day later, I returned, dressed in my work apparel which consisted of a suit, short heels, minimal make-up and hair fixed. It was like a one-hundred eighty degree flip. Random people were friendly, a smile here and there, and even a conversation with the same cashier. They might not have even recognized me from the day before, but I learned a lot about nonverbal communication and how it too, plays a tremendous role in culture and any type of socialization. In an experiment conducted by Schellenberg (1993) reports that good looking subjects were rated more highly than less attractive ones on non-physical traits as well. More attractive persons were also perceived as being more socially sensitive, sexually warm, kind, poised, and interesting than less attractive persons. In sum, they were perceived as having all the more desirable traits. Not only were they rated higher on the personality dimensions, but they were seen as happier and more successful in their lives (p. 129). Old School-Research on nonverbal communication must be approached cautiously. Some studies mark masculinity and femininity as stable, individual traits, when current research has placed us in a better position from which to view masculine and feminine display â€Å"as operating in the service of impression management and social maintenance† (Epstein, 1988, p. 220). I say â€Å"old school† for the research conducted by Epstein in 1988, yet it amazingly still applies research done today on nonverbal communication and gender. Generally, the sexes are attracted to one another on the basis of what Walster and her colleagues called the â€Å"matching hypothesis† ( Knapp, 1989, p. 59). The matching hypothesis argues that we may be attracted to only the best looking partners, but we will accept someone at least as good looking as we are. In other words, we are realistic in our approach to matching ourselves with prospective partners. I know it is true, but it still makes me cringe. It is judgment and judgment is up to God, not us. Conclusion On Cu lture and Socialization and Self-Maintenance in Communication; bettering verbal and nonverbal performance may not change any societal hierarchies, social orders, interpersonal communications, but it may be a first step. Studies have shown that the ability to correctly interpret verbal and nonverbal communications leads to more successful personal relationships. Greater awareness of verbal and nonverbal communication skills may lead to enhanced assertiveness. Being aware of the relationships between power and verbal/nonverbal communications changes the way people view seemingly neutral interactions. The relationship among power, sex, and verbal/nonverbal communications is one that has not been studied sufficiently. Further study of this controversial subject can only help to improve interpersonal communications.

International Law †Definition Essay

There have been many attempts at codifying the laws governing international activities. An international law essentially governs international activities, or activities that have international implications, between two sovereign nations or entities by common rules, standards and conditions. The concept of legally binding agreements with an international scope was first introduced by Jeremy Bentham in the last quarter of the 18th Century (ILC, 2009). Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher who first coined the idea of an international law that would regulate all important activities or aspects of international activities like commerce, justice, high sea activity, illegal acts, sovereignty, self defense and crime (Britannica, 2009). International law is inherently different from other laws as it primarily addresses the concerns of nations and not private citizens. It can legally be categorized into three different legal disciplines: 1. Public international law deals with common law issues between sovereign states and international organizations. Legal areas that are covered under the ambit of Public international law include international crime, high sea issues and humanitarian laws. 2. Private international law also called as conflict of laws, addresses the issue of ‘private relations’ across national borders and decides on the jurisdiction of the law. It has its roots in all the conventions, model laws, sovereign laws, legal guides, and all other documents and related instruments that govern such international relationships (ASIL, 2009). 3. Supranational law also called the law of supranational organizations, governs regional agreements between two international entities and distinguishingly nullifies laws of the respective nations in a situation of conflict with their sovereign laws. Public International Law Public international law relates to the form and ‘conduct’ of individual states and various organizations across the globe. Over a period of time, there has been an increased international activity and globalization has further enabled internationalization of issues. These issues, whether, economic, geo-political, environmental, criminal or else, find their right place under the ambit of Public international law. Public international law mainly has two branches that that deal with international issues. ‘jus gentium’ or ‘Law of nations’ was initially used by the Roman empire when they dealt with foreigners. Law of nations is a common law among nations that deals with issues like peace and war, extraditions, national boundaries and international diplomatic exchanges (Wiki, 2009). The other branch of Public international law, known as ‘Jus inter gentes’, also finds its roots in the Roman law system. This branch mainly deals with international treaties, conventions and other agreements between sovereign nations and international organizations. Public international law is also used to address sovereignty issues of nations, their boundary issues and jurisdictions. They also identify the legal responsibilities of a state, their jurisdiction of a territory and other territorial issues. This may lead to a situation of conflict between the international law itself and the sovereign state. Private International Law Private international law as described earlier addresses the issues between two private international entities. This branch of law regulates all the lawsuits that involve an element ‘foreign’ in nature and ones that may result in different interpretations and judgments depending on the jurisdiction of the subject (Collier, 2001). Private international law, in a situation of conflict between two international entities, determines if the proposed forum has any jurisdiction at all over the conflict situation. It then analyses and decides on the ability of competing state laws in dealing with the dispute. This branch of international law is also responsible for enforcement of the law. The term ‘conflict of Laws’ generally refers to the disparities between laws and reflects this disparity irrespective of the fact whether the legal system is international or inter-state. The term ‘conflict of laws’ is used by countries with common law system whereas the term Private international law is used more appropriately in cases where civil law countries are involved. The term that was initially used by and American lawyer and Judge Joseph Story for a common gamut of international laws, was discarded later by the common law researchers but was adopted by civil law lawyers (Collier, 2009). Since Private international law deals with international territorial disputes and also decides on legal jurisdictions of nation states, it is generally not easy to enforce decisions. There are two different lines of legal thinking that that try to define this law. One called ‘universalism’ is a stream of thinking where the researchers believe that this branch of law is a part of international law and applies in uniformity and is legally binding to all the nation states. The other group of researchers claims it to be ‘particularism’, according to which each state has its own unique norms of private international laws and pursues them in line with its policies. There are two major areas of functioning for Private international law. ‘Sensu stricto’ or narrow sense comprises of these set of rules and guidelines that actually determine the applicability of law of a nation in relation to the dispute. ‘Sensu lato’, also called as broader sense, comprises of a set of legal guidelines that has a direct bearing on material norms crossing the borders of a state (Collier, 2009). This branch of Private international law normally deals with global issues like international insurance, realty and financial disputes. It was in 1834 that Joseph Story’s treatise on the conflict of laws introduced the contemporary field of conflicts to the system of international law. His work had a great influence on the further legal research done on English laws and thus became the heart of Private international laws for most of the commonwealth countries. Sources of International law International law has evolved over a period of time and has its roots in the Middle Eastern and European history. It was Muhammad al-shaybani who first introduced the Law of the Nations at the end of the 8th century. These were the early legal treaties that explored applications of Islamic ethical code of conduct, and Islamic economic and military jurisprudence in relation to international law. Even though these treaties were in their nascent stage as per today’s complexity of issues, they still covered a number of areas under the ambit of international law, including treaties involving diplomats and diplomatic issues, issues of war, hostages and prisoners of war, and also women, children and civilian protection issues, especially during conflicts (wiki, 2009). The first ever treaties discovered in European history were written by a philosopher, theologist and jurist, Francisco de Vitoria, a staunch Roman Catholic, in late 16th century. Most of these legal opinions by the researchers were greatly influenced by the Islamic International laws that were the only legal International law treaties that took shape in the previous few centuries. Another legal scholar Hugo Grotius in the early 17th century further researched on the international treaties governing international laws and was credited for his legal endeavors (Wiki, 2009). The concept of sovereignty further evolved from the 17th century to the early 20th century in Europe. It was in Munster, in 1648, Germany that the first such instance of any treaty governing the concept of international law called ‘Peace of Westphalia’ took shape. This is when nationalism took precedence and people started identifying themselves with a certain nation-state. It was in the United States that history saw for the first time a modern instrument of international law take shape. Lieber Code was passed in 1863 by the Congress of the United States to govern actions of US forces involved with the civil war (Wiki, 2009). This was the first ever written law detailing guidelines and rules of war that were adhered to by all the civilized nations. The sources of International law are various resource materials and the processes that have shaped it over a period of time. Most of these processes or the building blocks of rules were greatly influenced by the politics in general and the legal theories by the researchers or philosophers. The decisions taken by the judges and the writings by the jurists are considered the auxiliary sources for the development of the international law. The international treaties between nation states and organizations, and the customs are also considered international laws of equivalent legitimacy (Wiki, 2009). As per the International Court of Justice, Customs are considered a primary source for International law, along with general principles of law and various treaties. International law and Customs Customary law is already acknowledged by the International Court of Justice by a statute in Article 38(1) (b), and is also incorporated in United Nations charter by Article 92 (Villiger, 1985). Customary laws are applied by international agencies in addressing the issues related to international disputes where the application of customs is considered an equivalent to the general practice accepted a part of International law applicable to the dispute. As a thumb rule, as and when a practice becomes a custom, it is applicable to all the member states of the international community. These states are bound by these customary principles whether or not they have consented for it, unless they opposed it from the start. Customs have long been a primary source for International law. Even though codification of customary laws took place in 1899 and 1907 in the Hague and Geneva conventions, some customs that were codified, like the ‘laws of the war’, had long been the part of international customs. The new codification of customary civil laws developed over a period of time since the middle ages. The customary expressions of law that were repetitive and were widely accepted within a particular community were written into laws by the local jurists. An example of such law would be ‘custom of Paris’ that regulated the community within Parisian region (Villiger, 1985). The term ‘customary law as a part of International law, also refers to the legal norms that were developed over a period of time and with customary exchanges between two independent states either through diplomacy or with wars. Though customary laws are not considered as superior as other laws written by statute or treaties in the International law system and are loosing their influence, they still are considered and recognized as building blocks for the ever evolving international laws and given great thought in most of the scholarly works by jurists. We may find examples of strong customary laws across the globe, like the Canadian aboriginal law, that have a constitutional backing and thus have an increasing influence over deciding factors (Villager, 1985).

E Bike Marketing Plan Essay Example

E Bike Marketing Plan Essay Example E Bike Marketing Plan Paper E Bike Marketing Plan Paper EXECUTIVE SUMMARY : This marketing plan examines the launch of a human-electric hybrid bicycle called e-bike by the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturing company HONDA, in China. We all know that the Global Warming is a serious issue to be addressed. This is the right time to realize the importance of eco-friendly products to save the earth from global warming and its ill effects. Unfortunately the automobile emissions are the second largest contributors for the green house gases. Honda with a vision to become the world leader in environment and energy technologies launches this innovative and futuristic eco-friendly product called e-bike. This zero CO2 emission mobility is certainly a head turner which is stolen from the future, which efficiently converts the human force to proposed force. This e-bike is half bicycle and half motorbike and there is no accelerator like the usual electric bikes. One need to pedal to move forwards, the quicker you pedal the faster it goes. It has a regenerative charging capability called loop charging, that is when you go down the hill the motor becomes a generator and charges the battery again. This increase the total distance the bike can go. Its light weight, foldable to a very small size like a Swiss knife and can be put in a rucksack. It is useful in the cities when you have to take in an elevator or carry it to the flat, metro trains, busses, cars etc. This is a transport revolution and its nothing like the world has seen before. It’s going to epitomize the smart urban movement. This is how the future gets around! Table of Contents COMPANY BACKGROUND SITUATION ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING LEGAL AND REGULATORY FORCES SWOT ANALYSIS COMPETITOR ANALYSIS CRITIQUE MARKETING MANEUVER PRODUCT PLACE PRICING PROMOTIONS AND ADVERTISING FINANCIALS TARGET SALES SALES FORECAST BUDGETING EXPENSES ADVERTISING BUDGET REFERENCES APPENDICES COMPANY BACKGROUND : Honda Motor Company, Ltd. is a Japanese multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles. Soichiro Honda is the founder of the company. It has been the worlds largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959. Even in the rapidly changing business environment of FY2010, Honda supplied more than 24 million products to customers worldwide. From its early days, Honda has been implementing proactive measures to help solve environmental challenges. In 1972, under the theme â€Å"Blue Skies for Our Children,† it introduced the CVCC engine, becoming the worlds first automaker to comply with the U. S. Clean Air Act without the use of a catalytic converter (the world’s most stringent emissions regulations at the time). In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial hybrid electric car, the Honda Insight. With a view to fighting global warming and reducing exhaust emissions overall, Honda is engaged in the research and development of alternative motorcycle power sources. To maintain a leading position in the future of mobility, Honda will continue to develop motorcycles and other mobility technologies that demonstrate a strong commitment to environmental responsibility Honda’s vision for personal mobility for the next 100 years of mobility calls for an accelerated shift away from fossil fuels, and for the early development of technologies that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions to zero. This is because continuing growth in the world’s population is likely to result in continuing growth in the demand for mobility. This is because continuing growth in the world’s population is likely to result in continuing growth in the demand for mobility. SITUATION ANALYSIS : ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of electric bicycles and scooters, with annual sales jumping from 56 thousand units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008 and reaching an estimated fleet of 120 million e-bikes as of early 2010. This boom was triggered by Chinese local governments efforts to restrict motorcycles in city centers to avoid traffic disruption and accidents. By late 2009 motorcycles are banned or restricted in over ninety major Chinese cities. Users began replacing traditional bicycles and motorcycles and, in e-bike became an alternative to commuting by car. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FORCES In China electric bikes currently come under the same classification as bicycles and hence dont require a drivers license to operate. Previously it was required that users registered their bike in order to be recovered if stolen, although this has recently been abolished. Due to a recent rise in electric-bicycle-related accidents, caused mostly by inexperienced riders who ride on the wrong side of the road, run red lights, dont use headlights at night etc. , the Chinese government plans to change the legal status of illegal bicycles so that vehicles with an unladen weight of 20  kg or more and a top speed of 30kmh or more will require a motorcycle license to operate, while vehicles lighter than 20  kg and slower than 30kmh can be ridden unlicensed. In the southern Chinese cities of Guangzhou, Dongguan and Shenzhen, electric bicycles, like all motorcycles, are banned from certain downtown districts. There are also bans in place in small areas of Shanghai, Hangzhou and Beijing. SWOT ANALYSIS – Strengths Honda Motor Company, Ltd has the ability to compete the market challenge from its existing facility of production. Honda Motor Company, Ltd has the ability to produce a high quality product i. e. electric bike in any quantity. It has many existing distributors which will help the Grasshopper electric bike to cover the market place along with some new distributors. It has a competent team, experienced in the Japan industry. Grasshopper Electric bike is environmentally friendly. Multi-tasking features of the new product highlight it among the existing range of products. It has access to monetary resources if required. Honda Motor Company, Ltd has been the worlds largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959 and has dominance in motorbike industry for nearly 51 years and can now apply that experience and skill to a new market with an appropriately researched product. Chinese can have a resistance to Western products. Due to this the newly launched product will gain an initial advantage in the market. Threats: Yamaha, SANYO, are also on the verge to launch the similar product. There are many competitors who have already established their market dominance in the same product in china. The time taken to do business in China will stretch human resources. Opportunities: Chinese can be more loyal to brand than Western brands. The demand for electric bike is growing rapidly. The product will be considered good for health as it can also act as exercise equipment. Due to the issue of global warming the opportunity increases and gradually helps out in accelerating sales Estimates suggest that by 2013 China will have the largest number of electric bike users. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS CRITIQUE This e-bike is a folding electric bicycle that not only serves as a means of transportation, but can also become a stationary exercise bike and can even generate and store kinetic energy. Electric and pedal power hybrid bicycles make a lot of sense to commuters. With a small amount of battery power to augment your pedalling efforts, you can achieve extra speed and distance while leaving a minimal environmental footprint and paying next to nothing per kilometre. One can ride a bicycle almost anywhere, at any time of the year, and at lowest cost! MARKETING MANEUVER : PRODUCT – There’s nothing that we love more than a well-designed bike! A Human-Electric hybrid bicycle, also known as an e-bike, is a bicycle with an electric motor used to power the vehicle or to assist with pedalling and use rechargeable batteries. The human-electric hybrid bicycle may best be described as human power augmented as in blending human and motor power. Herein lies its uniqueness, utility and exceptional riding enjoyment. While e-bikes are ridden by cyclists of all ages, on many different rides and routes and for different purposes. This is a relatively new kind of bicycle for those of us who enjoy pedalling. Pedal Power Electric Bike Concept can not only get you to work in the morning it can double as an exercise bike when you get home. The bike generates its own energy from pedal power. You can choose to pedal down the hills and ride up the hills using electric power. It also features a bar-mounted control unit, or HMI (Human-Machine Interface). It displays the battery status and allows users to choose between up to four power settings, offering electrical pedalling assistance from levels of 0 to 150 percent. The power settings are: Eco (maximum range), Tour (standard setting), Sports (dynamic riding) and Speed (maximum setting). Its foldable frame also makes it a perfect compact solution for city commuting and apartment living, which is green and hip! PLACE – Place refers to the means by which your customer acquires the product. This includes the actual place it is purchased from i. e the shop, the telephone, the web page, the warehouse as well as the actual route of distribution. The e-bikes can be sold in all Honda motorcycle showrooms and there are about 44 major Honda dealers in china. The platforms like expos, trade shows, consumer fairs and new distributors can be used for sales. In China there are a lot on-line dealers contribute to major number of sales. PRICING – One of the four major elements of the marketing mix is price. Pricing is an important strategic issue because it is related to product positioning. Furthermore, pricing affects other marketing mix elements such as product features, channel decision, and promotion. So price plays an important role in the increase of sales. The price of our product will be $1200. At the launch of the product there will be no discount, this will help out to maintain and preserve the prestige and value of product. There will be no hidden cost and net price will be given in order to ensure it is presentable and easily understood by the customer. The price of the e-bike is to be set by taking certain market aspects into consideration. Certain marketing aspects such as: Non-Price competition: As there are many Electric bikes available in Chinese market. The range of Electric bike ranges from $500 $2500. As the Grasshopper electric bike can not only get you to work in the morning it can double as an exercise bike when you get home. So as compared to other models in the present market, there is no such product serving in $1200 in Chinese market. Matching competitor’s price: The main theme is that it is a complete differentiated product among the present products in market. It also match’s the competitors price in market and provide more benefits in the same price. Matching competitor’s price gives an advantage to create the remarkable position not only in market but also in consumer’s sight. Balancing the price with the competitor’s product creates a platform to compare the available products in market and makes even easier in product selection for consumers. Unit sales growth: The price has to be set by aiming at the target for the sales of unit to be grown. The reason for setting up the price in moderate range is to increase the number of sale in market. Market share growth: Also it is taken into consideration about the growth in the market share. If the product is impressive at affordable rates it becomes easier to capture the market share and it is also the primary aim of a company to mark an outstanding market share growth. Targeted profit return: Targeted profit return is one of the most important factors while pricing the product. The scale of the returned profit helps out to draw out the plan for company’s progress. Company can make further progress on the basis of the profit it is gaining. Establishment of new units, working on to create new and efficient products, launching those new products require a considerable amount of fund. So in order to carry on the further progress price should be set in order to gain targeted profit. PROMOTIONS AND ADVERTISING (BRANDING STRATEGIES) i. LAUNCH : Beijing Auto Show Beijing International Automotive Exhibition or Auto China is an auto show held biennially in Beijing, China since 1990. It has now become one of three top auto shows in the world along with Frankfurt and Detroit. ii. CO-SPONSORSHIP : Great Wall of China Marathon (GWCM) The Great Wall Marathon is an annual marathon race held in May along and on the Huangyuan, Tianjin section of the Great Wall of China East of Beijing. The race has grown over the years to several hundred participants. iii. Brand Ambassador : Mr. BRAD PITT â€Å"THE GREEN CELEBRITY† Brad Pitt is famous as a green celebrity. Though the actor was going green all the way back in 2004, purchasing hybrid cars and calling for energy independence, hes made the biggest green mark on the world of green building and sustainable design through his support for the rebuilding projects in New Orleans. Hes teamed up with Global Green USA for a sustainable design competition and a handful of other projects totalling millions of dollars and countless hours spent on making the Big Easy a greener city from the ground up. Pitt has also found time to host a public broadcasting series on green design, help design a green hotel in Dubai and purchase an eco-friendly winery with wife Angelina Jolie. The eco celeb has started a non-profit organization to research green building techniques. Currently, Brad Pitt helps build low cost green homes in New Orleans. He will make an apt ambassador for the e-bike, as he is a global personality and one who believes in green mission. iv. Billboards and Print advertising FINANCIALS : This section will offer a financial overview of Honda Motor Company, Ltd as it relates to the marketing activities. Honda Motor Company, Ltd will address target sales, sales forecasts and how they link to the marketing activities. TARGET SALES – Annual electric bike (e-bike) sales in China grew from 40,000 in 1998 to 20 million in 2010. This rapid transition from human-powered bicycles and asoline-powered scooters to an all-electric bike technology system is special in the evolution of transportation technology and unique to China. We examine how and why e-bikes developed so quickly in China with particular focus on the key technical, economic, and political factors involved. These appeals that it is important to China as it embarks on a large-scale transition to personal vehicles, but also more sustainable forms of transportation. Looking at the increasing sales mark it is estimated that in coming year from 2011- 2013 the sales will hit the target of 2. 5 million in 2011 further climbing through 2. 8 million up to 3. million in 2013. SALES FORECAST – The first year will be used to secure market space, set it up to product standard. During the first six months relationships will be established with many different distributors in the market. These relationships will be based on Honda Motor Company, Ltd willingness to take all of their closeouts. Typically, the manufacturer will call several distributors and eventually will explain them the strategy to accelerate the market sales. Honda Motor Company, Ltd increased willingness to create an incentive for the distributors based upon their sales can make the sense for increasing the future sales. As the number of electric bikes per annum is increasing in china, it helps out to diagnose the sale forecast in china. As the society is becoming more concern about global warming more number of people are switching on to electric bicycles. China is one of biggest market of electric bikes. The number of electric bikes ridden had been increased dramatically, so based on this it can be diagnosed that the future sale is favourable in China for the Grasshopper electric bike as it can be used for various purposes other than riding. Following the above plan, it is forecasted that sales will steadily increase during this year. Sales| 2011| 2012| 2013| Direct Sales| $3000000000| $3360000000| $3500000000| BUDGETING : Costing predictions are difficult in the market entry. In the perfect competition, possibilities and consequences are ambiguous. Tentative budgeting can be done. The purpose of a marketing budget is to pull all the revenues and costs together involved in marketing into one comprehensive document. It is a managerial tool that balances what is needed to be spent against what can be afforded, and helps make choices about priorities. It is then used in monitoring performance in practice. The marketing budget is usually the most powerful tool by which you think through the relationship between desired results and available means. Its starting point should be the marketing strategies and plans, which have already been formulated in the marketing plan itself; although, in practice, the two will run in parallel and will interact. At the very least, the rigorous, highly quantified, budgets may cause a rethink of some of the more optimistic elements of the plans. EXPENSES: The marketing expenses will be budgeted to ramp up before and slightly after the two major trade shows each year. The website expenses however, will be consistent throughout the year. Expense will be accrued in terms of launching a new product in Chinese market. Trade show, advertising and other promotional factors will be added to the cart of expenses. Looking at the Chinese advertising market, it is the leading way to popular your product among the individual. So expense can be forecasted as the position of the company becomes stronger and firm in the Chinese market. The expense will increase as the company’s sales will proceed in the following year. It will be more focused on the promotion of the product and expanding its brand value among the people. So by taking into concern various above aspects expense budget can be forecasted. Marketing Expense Budget   | 2011| 2012| 2013| Trade shows| $80000| $87000| $95000| Advertising| $86000| $92000| $97000| Other| $25000| $31000| $40000| Total Expenses| $191000| $210000| $232000| ADVERTISING BUDGET HONDA Motors should allocate funds appropriately for different channels of advertising. There should be proper diversification of funds. The company should try to create impact in mind of customers by advertising its product in various mediums like television, billboards, internet, newspaper, magazines, tradeshows etc. The main target of advertising should be to create long lasting image of product in mind of the target audience. Following should be allocation of advertising budget. Sr. No| Mode of Media| % Advertising Budget| 1. | Television| 8| 2. | Billboards| 15| 3. | Magazines| 20| 4. | Newspapers| 18| 5. | Internet| 23| 6. | Trade show| 16|

Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration

Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demonstration The elephant toothpaste chemistry demonstration is a dramatic demo which produces copious amounts of steaming foam that sort of looks like the toothpaste an elephant might use. Heres how to set up this demonstration and a look at the reaction behind it. Elephant Toothpaste Materials The chemical reaction in this demonstration is between the hydrogen peroxide and the potassium iodide solution. The detergent captures the gases to make bubbles. Note the hydrogen peroxide solution is much more concentrated than the kind you can buy at a pharmacy. You can find 30 percent peroxide at a beauty supply store, science supply store, or online. 50-100 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutionSaturated potassium iodide (KI) solutionLiquid dishwashing detergentFood coloring500 mL graduated cylinderSplint (optional) Safety Wear disposable gloves and safety glasses. Oxygen is evolved in this reaction, so do not perform this demonstration near an open flame. Also, the reaction is exothermic, producing a fair amount of heat, so do not lean over the graduated cylinder when the solutions are mixed. Leave your gloves on following the demonstration to aid with cleanup. The solution and foam may be rinsed down the drain with water. Elephant Toothpaste Procedure Put on gloves and safety glasses. The iodine from the reaction may stain surfaces so you might want to cover your workspace with an open garbage bag or a layer of paper towels.Pour ~50 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution into the graduated cylinder.Squirt in a little dishwashing detergent and swirl it around.You can place 5-10 drops of food coloring along the wall of the cylinder to make the foam resemble striped toothpaste.Add ~10 mL of potassium iodide solution. Do not lean over the cylinder when you do this, as the reaction is very vigorous and you may get splashed or possibly burned by steam.You may touch a glowing splint to the foam to relight it, indicating the presence of oxygen. Variations of the Elephant Toothpaste Demonstration You can add 5 grams of starch to the hydrogen peroxide. When the potassium iodide is added, the resulting foam will have light and dark patches from the reaction of some of the starch to form triiodide.You can use yeast instead of potassium iodide. Foam is produced more slowly, but you can add a fluorescent dye to this reaction to produce elephant toothpaste that will glow very brightly under a black light.You can color the demonstration and make it into an Elephant Toothpaste Christmas Tree for the holidays.There is also a kid-friendly version of the elephant toothpaste demo that is safe for hands. Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry The overall equation for this reaction is: 2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) O2(g) However, the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is catalyzed by the iodide ion. H2O2(aq) I-(aq) → OI-(aq) H2O(l) H2O2(aq) OI-(aq) → I-(aq) H2O(l) O2(g) The dishwashing detergent captures the oxygen as bubbles. Food coloring can color the foam. The heat from this exothermic reaction is such that the foam may steam. If the demonstration is performed using a plastic bottle, you can expect slight distortion of the bottle from the heat. Elephant Toothpaste Experiment Fast Facts Materials 30% Hydrogen PeroxideConcentrated potassium iodide solution OR packet of dry yeastLiquid dishwashing detergentFood coloring (optional)Starch (optional) Concepts Illustrated This demonstration illustrates exothermic reactions, chemical changes, catalysis, and decomposition reactions. Usually the demo is performed less to discuss the chemistry and more to raise interest in chemistry. It is one of the easiest and most dramatic chemistry demonstrations available. Time Required The reaction is instantaneous. Set-up can be completed in under half an hour. Level The demonstration is suitable for all age groups, particularly to raise interest in science and chemical reactions. Because the hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer and because heat is generated by the reaction, the demonstration is best performed by a science teacher with chemical experience. It should not be performed by unsupervised children.

Aquatic environmetal toxicology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aquatic environmetal toxicology - Assignment Example It can be said that the method is effective as control of the environmental condition is made possible. Laboratory methods provide more sense of flexibility in terms of timing and it reduces workload and cost as well as seasonal and spatial variability (U.S. EPA 2000a). The use of laboratory test can enable one to formulate research question such as kinetics of acceptance and eradication, growth of the species or reproduction. This technique is also efficient as it is not subjected to assumptions like use of models. The approximate cost of this method is about $600; this is because of the tools that are required to perform this task. It is less expensive as it only requires a one day activity to gather the sediments and organisms. After collection of the samples for analysis the other part of activity is a one person activity. It is also possible to acquire some of the equipment below locally or improvising some such as dredgers or using your cell phone for GPS purposes, making the method cheaper. The clean water act has helped US navigable water to be protected from pollution by regulating the rate, amount and type of discharge of pollutants in the water bodies including the stream, rivers, coasts, wetlands and rivers. The act has significantly reduce the level of pollution from industrial and municipal For waters meant for swimming and fishing, the act was set to eliminate the disposal of untreated waste products with contaminated effluents from industrial and municipal plants. It required operators of such industries and businesses to apply for a permit to authorize their discharge into water bodies with a promise to reduce the discharge significantly over time. In 1998, the act was able to achieve 60 percentage of American clean waters thus they redirected their focus into eradicating nonpoint source water contaminants including agricultural runoff within chemicals or erosion of contaminated surfaces such as