The Phases of Life Essay

We are born to this world to feel hatred, pain, happiness, heartbreak, anger, fear, sadness, being trust and distrust, devastation, love and the different phases of life. The unfairness and gladness, that’s we called life. According to Albert Einstein, â€Å"Life is like a riding bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.† Before you learn to ride in a bicycle, you must get hurt first but it doesn’t mean you’ll stop doing it because hurt can make you stronger and braver. The two wheel represent your life, sometimes your up, sometimes your down. Always remember that those wheel has no edges, means you must keep going even if your on the road that full of stones. Stones represent challenges; you must be brave and have trust in yourself. That is life, in every disappointment you’ll get and every happiness you’ll take, you must keep moving. Just like when my innocent’s lost, I’m slowly facing the real meaning of life. Way back when I’m inside my mothers’ womb. I’m naive, unfleshed and my body and my soul covers innocence. My brain begins to go through development changes. At the age of 6, when my mind develops and I reach childhood, there were no computer games, no cable TV and definitely no internet. But, we did have a wild and creative imagination and playing with my sister and friends at our province. I experienced my childhood momentous memories with my best childhood friends at our province. Me and my sister guarded by my caring grandmother and cool three uncles. My parents are working here at Manila for us. I’m contented with my life back then, playing Rock-Paper-Scissors, Patintero, Chinese Garter, hide and seek, strolling in our neighbours’ friends and finding ghost house, sleep over, roaming in plaza, walking along the river, playing with my three handsome uncles, going to market with my lovely grandmother, storytelling with my superb auntie, eat so much food because you don’t care what will you look like when you get fat, you don’t care with your body and how your hair looks like. You always look like a mess after playing outside the street, you don’t care how your dress smells. It seems like everyday in your life feels perfectly. The only time you feel down when your still a child is scolding by your guardian and start crying not realizing that they are only advising. Your always alert to hide when  they already have a piece of slipper or belt. Every time you remember the past memories and the funny things, you keep asking to yourself â€Å"Did I really do that?†. You will miss the stupidity things you did in the past. Less problems, free from complicated life and your still innocent. Everthing in this world will change. Our life is temporary so live your life to the fullest. You don’t know what will happen in the near future. Just like my life, many things has changed. Many years passed, after I leaved at my province and since 7 years old I already here at Manila with my parents to continue our study. I lost my communication with my childhood friends. Because of environment I’m living today, I found new friends and bestfriends. We forgot each other. They all still together but me and my sister separates between our friendship. This is life so we must accept all changes. When I was 10 years of age, my eyes and my mind opened in the unfairness of life. I saw how my mother felt broken and devastated when my father cheated on her two times. I saw her how she cries a lot. How my grandmother in Manila discriminates us when we was younger. How my cousins ignored and disrespect us. How my parents suffer when my younger sister always at the hospital in the middle of strong typhoon. This stage of life you’ll see the difference between real friends and fake friends, the respectable and disrespectable person you will encounter. If others respect you, respect them. If they disrespect you, still respect them. Do not allow the actions of others decrease your good manners, because you represent yourself, not others. Stop trying to please everyone to respect you, they will respect you if you are worthy respected. In the year 2013, the most important lesson I learned in my life is to gain happiness. Despite of all challenges, trials, past memories, unexpected thing, random people you met in your life that leaves a mark and to the people who leaves you, always remember that some people go but some people replace in your life. There is one person who will change your poor attitude, accepts all your flaws and still love you whatever your past is. In life, there are always be unexpected things and problems happened. We  come across many challenges that we want to end our life. That we think that there is no solution to our problem. Were not realizing that nothing in this world is bigger than God. In any decisions we will take, we must take the consequence and learn from it. We need how to handle it correctly and properly. Majority of us want to give up but the one who won’t give oneself up will be the ones to face the brighter side in the darker side of the day. Just like our life is like a riding bicycle, to keep your balance, you must keep moving. In order to be healthy emotionally and mentally, you should move past any bad memories. And look towards the future. I also think it might be about not over thinking things as well. At the end of the road your taking off, that is your future. Believe in yourself, your confidence will lead you to success and happiness. Don’t be afraid to get hurt, because getting hurt is a big part of your life. If you don’t have ups and downs in life. It simply means your dead.

Columbia River Pulp Company Inc

CORP. received refinanced approval of its long term debt from Toronto – Dominion Bank (AD Bank) amounting to $200 million based on floating rate. The floating interest rate represents the significant risk that needs to be mitigated through hedging products. There were some hedging products that AD Bank offered to CORP., swaps, caps, or collars, or some combination? There were definite trade-offs between these hedging products In terms of flexibility, interest rate protection, and true cost. Andrew Theatre, Chairman of CORP., had to decide on the amounts and maturities of the various transaction hedging offered.Issue Business Kraft Market pulp Is a truly global commodity, which prices changing quickly In response to capacity changes, inventory levels, and purchase levels. While market alp is produced in about 25 countries, historically more than two-thirds of world output has come from five northern countries : the united States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway. One major c hange in the global pulp market was the mid – sass launch of pulp futures markets . While these markets were not an immediate success, there was enough trading volume to sustain at least market, the Pulped/ Finish Options Exchange.It was hoped that futures markets, widely used to trade futures in commodity products – such as copper, aluminum, sugar, and coffee – would bring more price stability to the pulp market and even out some of the extreme price fluctuations that have plagued the global market pulp Industry. Price levels for market pulp as shown below : In 1978, CORP. had financed the original cost of the mill from a group of united States insurance companies. The insurance companies was in doubt about the quality of their loans. This was because of the cumulative operating losses over the 1982 – 1986 period which totaling $ 39. 1 million.CORP. was unable to meet the repayment schedule on the debt. So, in march 1988, CORP. approached Toronto  œ Dominion Bank (AD Bank) to refinance $200 million of its long term debt. On July 21 , 1988 CORP. received reedit approval from AD Bank Board. CORP. received rationalization financing a $200 million, seven year reducing, revolving term facility and a $25 million operating facility from the syndicate of six international banks. The floating rate borrowing options and bank lending margins were shown below : The use of floating rate debt to finance fixed assets represents significant risks If the interest rates increased.The risk can be offset through interest rate swaps, caps, and collars. In order to partially engage ten Tolling rills rate on ten mans ten Dank syndicate had included a positive covenant in the credit agreement which effectively arced the company to lock in fixed rates of interest on its debt. This covenant stated the following : within 90 days after closing, the borrower will arrange interest rate swaps or similar hedging arrangements so that a total of $100 million of debt has a term of at least three years and an interest rate not to exceed 12%.

An analysis of the Depreciation Methods in GAAP in the UK

An analysis of the Depreciation Methods in GAAP in the UK Depreciation is the allocation of the cost of a plant asset to expense over its useful (service) life in a rational and systematic manner† (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003:416). There are three factors affect the calculation of depreciation, which are asset cost, useful life and salvage value (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Accountant in different companies will use various methods to compute the depreciation. There are straight-line method, reducing balance method (double declining balance, sum of digits, reducing percentage), annuity method, and unit of production method (Mike, Ron and Allister, 1994). And in most companies, especially in the large corporations, they will use the straight-line method, because it is the easiest one to compute the depreciation. This essay will illustrate some method that usually used in the companies and contract with each method to find out which one is the most useful. At the beginning, the essay will illustrate the straight-line method , the second one is reducing balance method, the third method is sum of digits, and the last one is the unit of production method. Below each method, the essay will give an example, which is calculated by me. Under the straight-line method, the annual depreciation expense is the same over the asset’s estimated useful life every year. The annual depreciation expense is determined by depreciation cost divided by the useful life of the asset or multiplied by the annual rate of depreciation (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Example 1 An asset costs  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000, its expected salvage value is  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000, its estimated useful life is 5 years. Depreciable cost = ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000- ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000 = ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000 Annual depreciation expense = ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000/5years= ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 OR Annual rate of depreciation =100%à ·5years=20% Annual depreciation expense = ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000*20%= ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 Year 1 Cost  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 2 Net book value 9,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 3 Net book value 7,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 4 Net book value 5,000 Depreciation 2,000 Year 5 Net book value 3,000 Depreciation 2,000 Net book value 1,000 The straight-line method is the simplest way among all the methods; it suitable for the use of asset is unvarying during the useful life; it is popular used by large corporation, such as Campbell Soup, Marriott Corporation and General Mills. However, the reducing balance method has a falling depreciation amount every year during the useful life of the asset. The changing depreciation is depended on the book value (cost less accumulated depreciation). It is calculated to multiply the book value at the beginning of the year and the reducing balance depreciation rate (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Example 2 An asset costs (book value at the beginning of year)  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000, its expected salvage value is  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000, its estimated useful life is 5 years. Reducing balance depreciation rate = 100%à ·5years=20%* Calculation o f  ¿Ã‚ ¡901.12( ¿Ã‚ ¡4505.6ÃÆ'-20%) is adjusted to  ¿Ã‚ ¡3505.6 in order to make the book value equal salvage value (Weygandt, Kieso and Kimmel, 2003). Sum of digits is another kind of reducing balance method, which has the closest connection with useful life and salvage value of the asset. The depreciation cost is multiply depreciation cost (asset cost less salvage value) by digits of each year (Mike, Ron and Allister, 1994). Example 3 An asset costs  ¿Ã‚ ¡11,000, its expected salvage value is  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,000, its estimated useful life is 5 years The digits add up is 1+2+3+4+5=15

Subculture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Subculture - Research Paper Example Further, Latinos have considerably different histories, cultural approaches and contemporary social problems (Suarez-Orozco & Paez 5). They form a major subculture in the United States, with characteristics that distinguish them from mainstream culture. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distinctive components of the Latino Subculture. Whether the group sees themselves as a distinct subculture and how they are viewed by the mainstream culture will also be examined. Description of the Latino Subculture The main reason for the presence of various subcultures in the United States is immigration from other countries and environments. â€Å"Latinos are not a simple racial or ethnic group, but they are the product of a distinctive civil society† (Hayes-Bautista 5). Latinos are generally described by governmental policy models as: a racial group, a language group, a group with strong affilitation to their traditional culture, a dysfunctional minority gr oup, or an urban underclass. However, the core element of Latinos is the continued presence of a Latino civil society, which provides Latino children with their initial experiences in the social world, teaches them right and wrong, duty, early concepts of civic responsibility, and first notions of personal identity. There is a great heterogeneity among the different groups of Latinos, their experiences depending on various factors such as â€Å"race, color, gender, socio-economic status, language, immigrant status, and mode of incorporation into the United States† (Suarez-Orozco & Paez 4). The social practices and cultural models of multiculturalism contribute to the experiences, perceptions and the range of behaviors of both immigrant and native-born Latinos in ways unprecedented during earlier large-scale immigration. The racial and ethnic categorization of Latinos has high stakes political and economic implications such as civil rights, equal opportunities, and affirmative action. Mainland Puerto Ricans and immigrant Dominicans indicate a high level of transnationalism, evident in the economic, political and cultural strategies adopted by diasporic people. They lead double lives with double loyalties, living alternately between their island and the mainland; remitting large sums of money to their homeland, continue to participate in political processes there, and periodically visit their homeland to maintain their social and cultural ties. Transnational behavior, and alternately moving between the mainland and Mexico has been practised by Mexicans also based on the completion of seasonal work (Suarez-Orozco & Paez 332). Components of the Latino Subculture Symbols In the United States Hispanic popular Catholicism, the hope of resurrection or liberation cannot remove the sufferings of the past and the present. It has to emerge from the living memories and symbols of those sufferings: â€Å"the tears, the blood, the scars, the crucified Jesus† (I sasi-Diaz & Segovia 280). Thus, the second major symbol of Catholicism is a symbol of celebration, of the hope that continues amidst suffering, the symbol of Mary. Latinos identify Mary with the symbol of the crucified Jesus, and crucification is considered as the root of resurrection not only of Jesus but of all people. Latino symbolism is resilient, and is evident in their determination

Discuss How Benedict's Work Developed Boas Vision of Anthropology And Essay

Discuss How Benedict's Work Developed Boas Vision of Anthropology And Whether It Also Represented a New Direction In American Anthropology - Essay Example This anthropological method is still considered to be highly effective today, as it reduces bias in analysis (Young, 2005). The idea of cultural relativism is also much championed in the work of Boas. Like Benedict after him, Boas held the belief that each cultural system only has meaning when studied as a whole, apart from other cultural systems. The moral compass of that particular culture should not be judged against our own moral compass, because they have to be seen relatively (Herskovits, 1973). Additionally, both Boas and Benedict understood that culture and cultural systems change over time, which means that there is an element of historical relativism found in both their works (Herskovits, 1973). This means that an anthropologist should look at a culture as an entity in both time and space to fully understand the rituals and symbols found within it (Herskovits, 1973). It is interesting to see how Benedict took these original ideas about cultural anthropology from Boas and de veloped them with her own fieldwork and evidence. For example, some of Benedict’s early fieldwork was a continuation of Boas’, working with the Kwakiutl Native American group. Benedict began gathering evidence that, whilst the customs of the Kwakiutl may seem strange, they are intelligible when considered as a part of the whole. This thought was followed on with her own fieldwork on the Pueblo group, found in New Mexico. Again, many of the customs and symbols found in Pueblo culture may seem alien to those reading â€Å"Patterns of Culture†, but Benedict (like Boas before her) encouraged the reader to think outside of their own culture to aid... This paper approves that the cultural relativism which was so promoted by Boas and developed by Benedict has come to be a cornerstone of most academic anthropology. Many academic textbooks promote the idea that a degree of neutrality is needed for true anthropological research. It is easy to assume that all cultures share the same moral and ethical values as our own, but many do not. Many make the mistake of assuming that other cultures are somehow ‘wrong’ for not adhering to ‘our’ values, which ruins empirical fieldwork. In this sense, Boas and Benedict had a huge impact on American anthropology and how it has developed into the scientific field that it is today. Thisreport makes a conclusion that Benedict built on these strong foundations to develop her idea of cultural identity and national personalities, including some of Boas’ fieldwork in her own research. Overall, the work of Boas and Benedict have been highly influential in the field, having been incorporated into the work of important anthropologists such as Margaret Mead. Particularly important are the emphasis that Boas put onto cultural relativism, suggesting that anthropologists need to be careful when examining other cultures to take the culture as a whole without judgement using personal morals and ethics. Additionally, Boas was highly critical of racism within the field, something which is generally championed by anthropologists working in the field today.

Air Crash Investigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Air Crash Investigation - Essay Example This report also aims in making recommendations for improving the system and reducing the failure rates. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 1 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Description of the Accident 5 3.0 Narrative of Events 5 4.0 Structure of Investigation Report 6 4.1 Executive Summary 7 4.2 Factual Information 7 4.2.1 Mission 7 4.2.2. Sequence of Events or Narrative of Events 7 4.2.3 Sequence of Crash or Response of Accident 7 4.2.4 Description of Damage and Injuries 8 4.2.5 Wreckage Report 8 4.2.6 Operational History 8 4.2.7 Compliance with Directives 8 4.2.8 Training, Qualifications and Certifications 8 4.2.9 Management of Record 9 4.2.10 Opportunities for Prevention of Accident 9 4.2.11 Mission Risk Factors 9 4.2.12 Emphasis on Safety 9 4.3 Analysis 9 4.4 Findings 10 4.5 Recommendations 10 5.0 Major Points and Findings of Investigation Report 10 6.0 Evaluation of Recommendations 12 7.0 Changes to Global Civil Aviation Regulations 15 8.0 System Operation 16 Conclusions 1 Recommendations 1 Lis t of Figures Figure 1 : Percentage of Causes for Air Accidents 5 Figure 2 : Leading Edge Horizontal Sabilizer Separation from Embraer 120 11 Figure 3 : Function of Horizontal Stabilizer 17 Figure 4 : Aircraft Pitch Movement 18 Figure 5 : Effect of Airfoil Shapes on Lift 19 Figure 6 : Horizontal Stabilizer of Embraer 120 19 Figure 7 : Loss of Leading Edge of Horizontal Stabilizer 21 Figure 8 : Fault Tree Analysis of Continental Express Flight 2574 1 Air Crash Investigation Continental Express Flight 2574 Details of Accident 1.0 Introduction According to Annesure 13 of Convention on International Civil Aviation (2010), also known as Chicago Convention, an aviation accident is â€Å"an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, where a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible†. The purpose of air crash investigations is to determine the reasons for accident and make safety recommendations to avoid recurrences and if possible preserve life. Its aim is not to apportion blame and liability if any on an individual or organization. Safety Boards are assigned the mandate to carry out these investigations; however, these are not regulatory bodies since approval and implementation of regulation is within the domain of Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) and Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). According to Boeing (2010), majority of the aircraft accidents were causes by pilot or flight crew error indicating a high percentage of human factor, followed by defective equipment or component that made up 14% of the total while less than one-third the human factor as shown in figure below: Figure 1 : Percentage of Causes for Air Accidents 2.0 Description of the Accident Continental Express Flight 2574, a domestic flight, was scheduled from Laredo International Airport in Laredo, Texas to Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas on 11 September 1991 with 12 passengers and two crew members on board. Nearly at the end of their 55 minutes flight to destination, aircraft crashed in a corn field near Eagle Lake, Texas due to structural failure. Texas

The Relationship between Multidisciplinary Teams Essay

The Relationship between Multidisciplinary Teams - Essay Example The supplying of medicines to the public is highly dependent on the type of medicine. Medicines are legally divided into three categories which include: Pharmacy (P), Prescription Only Medicine (POM), and General Sale List (GSL) (Jones, 2004). While GSL are supplied to the public through a wide range of facilities, such as supermarkets, P and POM medicines are only available at registered pharmacies. Moreover, in order to buy POM, the buyer must have prescription from a certified practitioner. Currently in Europe, there are two agencies that provide drug license: the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA). Mostly companies apply for an EMEA license as it is accepted all around EU while MHRA mainly functions within the United Kingdom (Davis, 2003). A company may apply for a drug license through a centralized system or a decentralized (or mutual recognition) system. In a centralized system, the committee assesses t he drugs to be used by human and monitors its impact before approving or disproving a drug for a license (Jones, 2004). One the other hand, in the decentralized system, a company may apply for a license in different member states, such as MHRA in the UK. One member state assesses the drug and based on the result other member states may object or agree to license the drug. If one or more member states object to the drug, the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) then advices the EU commission on whether to license the drug or not (Davis, 2003). The Medicines Act of 1968 is still used for the prescription, supply, and administration of medicine (Sturm & Unutzer, 2000). Back in 1989, the circumstances in which nurses might prescribe a drug were taken into consideration and it was recommended that nurses having qualification of a district nurse or health visitor should be given permission to prescribe certain drugs falling in the list of limited formulary (Department of He alth, 1989). This was implemented recommendation was implemented nationally in 1998 in England. The main route of drug supply is through a pharmacist who may prescribe POMs and P medicines (Jones, 2004). They may also prescribe black triangle drugs (Jones, 2004). However, this principle is not rigid and can be bent in situations that require some other health professionals to supply the drugs to assure health care (Crown, 1999). The medicine legislation allows the dentists and doctors to supply and administer medicines and also allows nurses and health workers to do so as directed by the doctor or dentist (Nuttall & Rutt-Howard, 2011). Moreover, the legislation also allows certain health professionals, including occupational therapists, chiropodists, and radiographers, to supply certain medicines. In August 2000, the Medicine Legislation was amended in order to clearly define and explain the Patient Group Directions PGDs and include other private and voluntary services (RCN, 2006). The amendment clearly defines the limited situations in which medicines may be administered under the PGDs as not doing so would jeopardize the health of the patient (RCN, 2006). A multidisciplinary non-medical prescribing team (MDPT) includes a team leader, which must be employed by the trust, who develops and maintains the roles of each member in the team using his or her professional skills. The MDPT plays an important role in shaping

Oedipus Rex (play) Critique Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oedipus Rex (play) Critique - Movie Review Example This is indicative of his search for his own personal position in the superficial world he has constructed around his identity. E: This quotation proves that Oedipus is destined to find out that he has already harmed himself. He has already lived up to the prophecy that was delivered to him, now he pursues the knowledge that will vindicate the verdict. A: A senator told Creon that he does not stay focused on the actions of his masters. At that moment, Oedipus entered and immediately confronted Creon and asked if he though he was a fool who would immediately defend himself after being accused of murdering the former king. This quotation represents Oedipus’ deployment of defense mechanism as a means of justifying why he could never be implicated in the murder of his father. While at the same time, he deploys the mechanism because he is coming to grips with the conclusion that he could indeed be the murderer. Oedipus is attempting to escape the knowledge of his fulfillment of his preordained fate. While his search for the answer drives him further insane, he feels as if he will never returned to normality until he knows for sure. He escapes the bliss of ignorance out of pure curiosity. Oedipus realized that his self fulfilled prophecy could have been handed down to his daughters who will have no husbands. Hence he seeks their departure with him to a land where he will not be followed by his dreadful past. At this point, Oedipus has accepted his fate and wanted to reveal it to society as a means of self purification. But even then he feels as if the pain is to bearable and travels further down the path of self destruction. This shows that rejection of ones fate forces the individuals to suffer from more pain. If he would have accepted his fate as destiny, he would have been less hard on himself and attributed the wrongful actions to the gods who cast that fate upon

Paramount Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paramount - Essay Example Based on the financial statements, the EBITDA, and other indicators the investment in Paramount is a very lucrative investment decision. Refer to Excel Sheet Q1 to Q7. Based on question 5 sheet of the excel file, The merger between Paramount and Viacom will result to total combined sales of $ 6,697. Both companies cater to the same industry like entertainment, networks & broadcasting. The merger will result to cost of sales reduction and expenses of 30%. Please refer to question 5 excel sheet attached for . The only similar business they serve is the networks business. Therefore the estimated cost of sales and expenses reduction will only be an estimated 10% because the other business lines that are disadvantageously unique to one company. These are the entertainment, broadcasting, live entertainment & publishing sectors. The growth rate of Paramount will be increased by the entrance of Viacom because EBITDA will be increased as shown in the excel computations attached. This can be explained by looking at question 12 sheet of the excel file attached. The market value of the combined synergy between Viacom and Paramount is $ 42,105.30( refer to question 9 sheet of the excel file. Whereas, the market value where Paramount is not combined with Viacom is only $ 28,056.30 as computed in excel file question 8 sheet. What would happen to costs & sales growth if Q... Computations are shown in question 5 sheet of the excel file attached. What effect would Viacom have on Paramount's growth rateThe growth rate of Paramount will be increased by the entrance of Viacom because EBITDA will be increased as shown in the excel computations attached. This can be explained by looking at question 12 sheet of the excel file attached. The market value of the combined synergy between Viacom and Paramount is $ 42,105.30( refer to question 9 sheet of the excel file. Whereas, the market value where Paramount is not combined with Viacom is only $ 28,056.30 as computed in excel file question 8 sheet. What would happen to costs & sales growth if QVC bought Paramount The cost and expenses is estimated to decrease by only 10 %. The sales increase is sales will be lesser. This is discussed in question 5 sheet of the excel file. 4. What is Paramount's worth as it is What is its worth to Viacom What about QVC Argue from point of savings / synergies that Viacom would achieve. Paramount is worth is $ 28, 056.30 as shown in Question no. 9 sheet in the excel file below. When Viacom joins Paramount the additional earnings before taxes, deprecation and amortization generated for Viacom is from $134 in 1994 to $223 in 1998. Paramount is worth $7,595.75 when the multiple values are used. Paramount will be very happy when Viacom joins Paramount because now Paramount can use the facilities of Viacom to enter into territories where Viacom is having a good business. Viacom in return can use the facilities of Paramount to enter into territories dominated by Paramount. 5. Should Redstone Continue What price should he offer Should the offer Cash Stock Or combination What should he do about lock out

Michael’s Reflective Paper Essay Example for Free

Michael’s Reflective Paper Essay * Who am I? What life experiences made me who I am today? Was it my family, my social environment where I went to school, the groups, or organizations that I belonged to, or was it certain life events that shaped me? * This paper is my attempt to show that my family and social environment, my life experiences from childhood to present influenced me to be the person that I am today and who I will be in the future. As I reflect upon my life, at the age of forty-nine, I have come to the conclusion that my family and social environment when growing up, surviving cancer in my twenties, and getting married in my thirties are the main social influences and life events that have shaped who I am today and who I want to become in the future. Every one of these experiences has given me something: learning to be independent from family attitudes; dealing with the state of uncertainty, which comes with the disease; responsibility of marriage; and the importance to find the field of expertise for effective work. All these insights can be described as building effective relationships with people and developing self-understanding on different levels. * To understand my family life, and why I feel that their negative attitudes to me shaped me to be a better person, I first have to give you some background on my family and me. The background of my family clarifies how important for me was to be independent from this alienating environment. My mother died when I was only a year old and my father raised my older brother Kevin and me by himself until he met my stepmother. My father remarried and had my two stepbrothers William and Robert. My father was a strict disciplinarian, racist, drank a lot, and worked as a machinist at a refinery plant. My stepmother was a homemaker as my father did not approve of her working and felt that she needed to be at home taking care of the children. My stepmother came from an orphanage, had polio in her left hand. She was also an alcoholic, meaning that she was nasty when drunk; in addition, she was a chain smoker. Kevin was the oldest son one and a half years older than me (and my father’s favorite one), I was the middle child, William was five years younger than me and was diagnosed at an early age as having severe attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD); Robert was the youngest. Witt and Mossler (2010) quote the longitudinal research study which has shown that the attitudes of parents towards children rather than the practices of raising children shape our personality in adulthood (Ch. 1, p. 11). It is evident that lack of my father’s attention has influenced me a lot, stimulating me to attract my parents’ attention, for better or for worse. The authors also stress on the importance of the environment of growing up, both social and physical (Witt Mossler, 2010, Ch. 1, p. 13). We lived in a relatively low middle class white community in Beaumont, Texas next door to my father’s brother and his family. The area where we lived in was close to the outskirts of Beaumont and was nestled back in the woods, so the woods were our playground. This could create the feeling of abandonment, but it was also empowering somehow, as I learned by these circumstances to rely on myself. Palkovitz, Marks, Appleby, and Holmes (2002) treat the relationship between parents and children as a complex unit consisting of father factors, co parental factors, mother factors, child factors, and contextual factors (p. 8). It is evident that in my family, there was disintegration in a sense on all levels. It was interesting to discover that, according to the study by Palkovitz, Marks, Appleby, and Holmes (2002), my father’s attitude was shaped by his experience in romantic relationships and then projected upon children (p. 8). I had to develop independence from this painful emotional context. My relationship with my father caused me to be non-racist, disciplined, and extroverted, as my father was a strict disciplinarian, controlling, and racist man. He gave all his attention to my older brother and ignored me unless I did something that angered him. His treatment of me caused me to crave his attention and to seek to please him until I reached my teenage years and decided that I did not want to be like my father. I rebelled against his control upon me. He tried to control what I did after school, how I wore my hair, how I thought, and what I wanted to be when I graduated high school. I was deeply afraid of him when I was a child, and only when I became a young adult did I see that what he was doing to me was wrong. I started standing up for myself. I started seeking attention outside my family and I got a job after school so that I started earning my own money. That allowed me to purchase my own clothes, get my haircut how I wanted, and purchase my first car that gave me the freedom to escape from my dysfunctional family on a daily basis. My first car and earning my own money gave me the ability to distance myself from my family. However, later circumstances of my life taught me that people can also be supporting and self-reliance is not enough. When I was in my early twenties working and going to college, I developed Hodgkin’s disease that has also changed my personality. Hodgkin’s is a form of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Like other forms of cancer, it is believed to cause the feelings of uncertainty, lack of control, anxiety, isolation, discomfort, and – last but not least – re-definition of goals and roles (Halldorsdottir Hamrin, 1996, p. 34). On one hand, one feels that he has to re-define his place in the society; on another hand, people care about those with the disease more and help more (at least they are supposed to do so). I experienced how it was not to have the control upon my life, but also how it was to be cared for by others. Anyway, when one is ill and so evidently dependent upon the society, the natural question comes: â€Å"Did I do anything wrong? And what was it? † Often cancer is associated with suppressed anger and a desire to please other (or at least attract attention) (Broderick, 1996, p. 14), and this really could be my case. I must admit that this understanding came along with serious heart problems. Still, illness did not prevent me from shouldering responsibility in work and family life, as well as from the joys of both. I met my wife during my thirties when I was changing my careers from being a technician to a salesperson. Interestingly, psychologists nowadays view professional development of an individual as an ongoing process (not limited to certain age group), the first stage of which is exploration (Smart Peterson, 1997, p. 59). So, I was engaged in a kind of â€Å"double exploration†, searching for new ways in professional life as well as personal, consciously or not. In addition, like a career, marriage is a serious responsibility that implies both joyful outcomes and stress together with work on oneself. This personal responsibility has changed me a lot, teaching how to meet the needs of another person with whom I have been living day by day for a long time. I find the recommendations given by Witt and Mossler (2010, Ch. 3, p. 37) helpful, though challenging sometimes. People are happy in marriage when they support each other materially and emotionally, not forgetting to be positive, share feelings, thank each other, express affection, and do certain tasks together. In prolonged perspective, my family life and work taught me how to be productive and understanding in relationships with people and how to maintain stability in the changing world around and in the situations when inner conflicts arise. That is why in my future, I want to pass on the knowledge that my occupation as a sales manager has given to me. Perhaps I will start organizing some training sessions. This may also help to deepen my competence in the field of sales and on the level of personal communication, as people may share their valuable experience with me on the trainings. As I reflect upon my life now, from quite a distance, I have concluded that several events were the strongest in making me the person I am at present. They were my family and social environment in childhood, surviving cancer in my twenties, and getting married in my thirties. My family life stimulated me to earn living independently, cancer survival was essential in understanding my own potential and the ability to help of the people around, and marriage has given me the notion of responsibility. The dark years and events turn out to be ambivalent in the sense that they have given me certain experience and understanding of myself. Those main social influences and life events that I described in this paper have shaped my present personality and my thoughts about the future.

The Status Of English In Pakistan English Language Essay

The Status Of English In Pakistan English Language Essay It is a fact that English is known as lingua franca all over the world. Most of the People communicate in English all over the world. Through this process, it is a natural phenomenon that many words of the local languages become part of the variety of English that is spoken in a specific region. This research aims at finding Urdu and other local words that have become part of the English language spoken in Pakistani culture. It is a study of Urdu and other local words that have become the part of English in everyday communication. For this study we have selected the language of newspaper as it represents the language in use. English daily the Dawn and the news were selected for this purpose as they are the most recognized and reliable newspaper in Pakistan. The paper elucidates that there are a large number of local words which are part of English due to many factors. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Newspapers have become the necessity of modern man. Most of the people start their day by reading the newspaper they cannot make up their morning without newspaper. This is the reason that newspapers have got their way all over the world. They are available in every language all over the world that even a common man can get benefit of them. Newspapers reveal and expose that what is happening around you and keep us in contact with the society. Usually, they reflect all the fields of life whether they are general, public, local, social, political, cultural etc. English newspaper is a major source of language learning for English language learners. By reading newspaper they can improve their skill of reading. But it never means that they have to read the newspaper thoroughly,  they can usually find out their interested topics and scan it if it is interested  they read it thoroughly. When they read the newspaper on daily basis and may absorb a lot of information and have a good storage of vocabulary. Newspaper is a great tool for language teachers to demonstrate the skills of reading and writing and it also helps to form the structure of English. By reading the newspaper the student will be able to comprehend the concepts of grammar and its application. It is the beneficial for the learners to learn English inside or outside the classroom. By using the newspaper the students may also update their current knowledge with learning English. It is a common analysis in Pakistan that when we observe the content of English newspaper we usually find such words that are emerged from English into Urdu or other local languages due to culture association and bilingualism. One must have command on English language to describe the ideas in an effective way because the news profession is associated with proper usage of words and phrases. English plays a vital role in every field of life, it is necessary for news editors and reporters of Pakistan to play an effective role in news editing. This research is an analysis of language conversion in Pakistani English newspaper due culture association or bilingualism. Based on the data gathered from Pakistani English newspaper, this research shows the English words that have been converted into Urdu or other local languages of Pakistan. This research demonstrates how the English language is used in anon-native context. This also indicates that that different verities and changing are associated with bilingualism and multilingualism. This research aims to show the different verities of English due to language conversion in Pakistan and indicates the vital role of Urdu and other local languages to form the Pakistani English. We have discussed those specific features that have been occurred as a result of conversion. We have analyzed the data which is concerned with Urdu words and phrases. This research describes the various causes due to which language changes occur in Pakistani context. English is a global language that a unique status all over the world. It is the language of millions of people around the world. It is an observation that the amount of non-native speakers of English is more than the native speakers. English is an international language and it used widely all over the world because the trend of speaking English is increasing day by day and the people have started using English in their daily conversation. When they use it in a non-native context it expands as a replaced and reoriented language. English has acquired a dominant position in Pakistan. It is not only useful for being professional but it is considered the sign of victory, authority, and social supremacy. This kind of authority is clearly seen in Pakistan and the people swap from their local languages to English to be dominant member of the society. On the other hand, Urdu is also considered an official language as English. It is the language of literacy in Pakistan. The educated people of Pakistan consider it an ordinary thing to use Urdu feature into English. When two or more languages exchange or get in touch with each other it causes conversion. English has its own social and cultural status that is distinguished from the other languages at the word and phrase level. It is natural phenomenon that when English language gets in touch with Urdu it borrows a lot of words from Urdu and other local languages. A large amount of Urdu and other loan words have been entered in Pakistani English. They may at word, phrase or clause level. This research is to see through the conversion data in Pakistani English newspapers. The data has been collected from the following printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines: 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. The news Statement of the Problem: This research is based on the analysis of English newspaper and to check the frequency of words occurred in Urdu or other local languages. Objective of the Study: This study aims to find out the words of other Pakistani languages that have been occurred in English newspaper, in Daily Dawn and The news. To compare the common words occurred in both newspapers. Significance of Study: This study of newspaper provides us a thorough survey to what extent the Urdu words have been used in English newspapers. This is a beneficial research for language improvement of policy makers, teachers, students and assessment institutions. Limitation: We have studied thoroughly the reasonable amount of English newspaper Dawn Daily Lahore and The News. We have classified the section of newspaper. On the basis of this classification we have checked the frequency of the Urdu words occurred in English. Delimitation: We have studied ten newspapers of both Daily Dawn and The News on daily basis due to the time cost constraints and because they are the oldest source of information. Design of Study: This study is qualitative in nature. It is based on the Meta analysis of newspaper. The use of this method is appropriate with the purpose of this study. Research is conducted while using qualitative approach. Because the result of the data analyze is in the descriptive phenomenon such as words and sentences. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW What is language? When we discuss about what is language? It can be defined in different aspects. A language may be related to a specific field. Language can be a dominant position than all than language because its a natural language. According to Adebeyo (1995) Language is one of the major source through which the people organize their thoughts and expresses the feelings. It means that its only human language by which a man can arrange or express his thoughts in a better way. This supports the different senses of language. If the language will not be there no one will be able to express his thoughts and share his experiences with others. As a result people will not able to learn from them. Communication is a great tool that links the people of the world and makes the world a global village. These are some evidence that proves that communication is the most important factor of the society. It is proved by media, internet among others. Ormrod (1995) suggests that language may be described as a basic form of communication. According to behaviorist, language is learned through behavior like thinking, acting and feelings. Origin of language The interesting facts of living and human evolution are discussed in the origin of language. If we talk about written language it leaves some traces but spoken language has no traces. At the beginning, different system of verbal language emerged from non-linguistic and proto-linguistic source of communication. Before 4 million years human beings and chimpanzees had common ancestor. So, since the last centuries human beings have not found any signs how actually language developed because verbal communication leaves no trace. All human beings are born with the same linguistic ability, and no one has a biological ability to adapt a specific language. Any child learns the language from his social surroundings, if a child is left in a non-native context he will not be able to learn his native language and adapt the language of the society in which he is living. From this we can say that language is not an inborn ability. It is learned by the family, people living around you. Language is the only factor that discriminates the human beings from the animal. Changing in languages If we talk about language changing varieties of languages are spoken all over the world. In this part of study we will focus that when language gets in touch with other language it causes language change. When the speakers of a language use varieties of languages in a situation the language comes in contact. Traditionally language changes due to contact have been described into three categories. Borrowing Code-Switching Bilingualism Borrowing Thomason and Kaufman (1988:37) describes that borrowing is the involvement of the characteristics of other language into the native language of a speaker. The language of native speaker does not change but the change occurs due to adding incorporated characteristics. Coetsems (1988) defines the borrowing as when the language speaker is using the language in any other context, it incorporates the features of other languages. If Urdu speaker is speaking English language the transfer of the English language into Urdu is called borrowings. According to Bloomfield (1933), who was the first who attempted this study and classified the lexical borrowing into dialect borrowing and cultural borrowing. Dialect borrowing is where the borrowings are from the same speech and cultural borrowing is where the borrowings are from different languages. (Bloomfield 1933: 444). In cultural borrowing the words from the other cultures are borrowed. The word spaghetti is an Italian word which is used in the culture of language from where it is borrowed. Certainly, it is an essential phenomenon especially when we talk about the effect of different languages on English. Researchers are in the view that borrowing is a different phenomenon than the other language contacts such as emergence, code-Switching, and transfer. Poplack and associates (Poplack 1980; and Meechan 1995) are in the opinion that the phenomenon of code-switching and borrowing vary from each other. Code-Switching Code-Switching is a crucial consequence of bilingual or multilingual speaker. A person who is bilingual or multilingual selects the language according to his/her context. The language that is selected by the speaker must be comprehensible for the addressee and the participant must understand it. (Hudson 1996). In communities where the people speak more than one language, they use different languages in different situations. The language is selected according to the rules of society in which he/she is living. Languages are varied according to situation. There is the difference between the language used in home and the language that is used in other places for various purposes. Switching refers overlapping between two or more than two languages. It switching is the interchanging between two languages or more than two languages. According to Di pietro in (Francois, 1982:145) code-switching is when the communicants communicate in more than one language in the implementation of speech act. Valdes Falhis in (Francois, 1982:145) refers that the code-switching is the interchanging of more than one language. Another definition that is proposed by Scotton and Ury says that the use of different linguistic varieties of two or more languages in the same context or conversation is called code-switching. But according to Weinreich (1953) definition, the people exchange a language to other because they want to change the situation of speech. When we observed the above definitions, it is very obvious that nobody can define the code-switching terminology. We have found divergence among the sociologists and linguists because the writers admit that there is uncertainty in this term. Types of Code-switching Code-Switching have been classifying by the scholars in diverse types. They have given different names to these types after observing the various cases. Poplack in (Romaine, 1989) illustrates these types as: Tag-switching, inter-sentential and intra-sentential. Tag switching: Tag switching means to connect one language into the other language and to switch a mark of a language into the other language. It can be at word or phrase level or both. Inter-Sentential switching: Its means the occurrence of switching outside the boundaries at clause or sentence level. This type of switching can also take place between the conversations of the speakers (Romaine, 1989; Myer-Scotton, 1993; Hoffman, 1991). Intra-Sentential switching: This type of code switching includes the various types of switching that take place within the phrase, sentence or clause. There are different styles of the language so we can not say that code-switching only occurs in the speaking of bilinguals. It can also occur among the monolinguals because of the styles of the language. Bilingualism Bilingualism refers to a person who can speak two different languages. In defining the term of bilingualism we have found the disagreement among linguists. Some linguists emphasizes that a person who is bilingual must have the command on two different languages. He should be fluent and accurate as native speaker in both languages. A bilingual person has a feature to develop the knowledge of second language and the ability to speak it. Types of Bilingualism Here are discussed three major types of bilinguals. Monocultural-Co-ordinate Bilingual: This type of bilingual learns the other language or second language to fulfill his requirements and to access the information related to his needs, to research the academic subject matter. He becomes bilingual but not bi-culture because he develops his language within a culture. Bicultural-Co-ordinate Bilingual: A bilingual person learns the second language within the speech community of second language for many reasons such as studied literature of their culture, history and tourism purposes. Bicultural-compound Bilingual: this type of bilingual learns two cultures and two languages. One at home and the other of the society in which he is living. The only way to tackle with these various definitions is to know that bilingualism is an individual feature and one can learn more than one language if he is competent enough, he can get the complete mastery of two languages. Pidgins Pidgins are one of the major aspects of language change. Pidgin Languages Pidgins languages developed from the distinguish language varieties. They are created by the efforts of different people who speak varieties of languages. We can not say that pidgin is the native language of some person. It is learned when people get in touch with the people who speak their language in their own context. The people who do not have the common language to exchange their ideas, pidgins develop as a source of communication between them. Holmes (2001) states that when two groups having different languages communicate with each other in such situation where a third language has position, this may called pidgins. When the people from various language contexts come in contact with each other pidgins languages are needed for their survival. For the slaves, the only way to communicate with their masters and with one another was pidgin that was their masters language. Cultural Impact on Language Language changes with the time and there are a lot of features that causes that change. As a person grows a lot of factors like family, region and culture can influence the language development of a person. A culture can introduce different words which gradually become part of the language. Human beings can express thoughts and communicate with each other through language. Simply the word that is uttered by a person carrying some meaning is known as language, whereas, the culture may be referred to the activities and doings of people. Every culture has its own identity. Culture includes religion, dress, art, games, music, rituals and law. Language policy, multilingualism and language vitality in Pakistan Pakistan is a country with multilingual speaker. Urdu is its national language and it is the mother tongue of almost 7.57 percent people of Pakistan, although it is used at a wide range in the urban areas of Pakistan. English is still official language of Pakistan as it was when British ruled in the subcontinent. There are some other major languages of Pakistan that are: Pakistani languages Languages Percentage of speakers Punjabi 44.15 Pashto 15.42 Sindhi 14.10 Siraiki 10.53 Urdu 7.57 Balochi 3.57 Other 4.66 Source: Census 2001: 107 English is the official language of Pakistan. It is government law, military language, language of business contracts, signs of shops, many street signs and other enterprises use English. It is the language of the courts also. In most of Pakistani schools, medium of instruction is English and it is taught to all Pakistani students at school level, while at university and college level medium of instruction is English. English is boasted by the media and press of Pakistan at large scale. All the major newspapers of Pakistan are published in English. A major news channel of Pakistan is Dawn news. Status of English in Pakistan English language performs various functions in Pakistan. English is Politics language. It is the medium of instruction in Pakistani schools and colleges. It is the source of education for the people because all scientific theories are in English. English is the language of press and media. It is the lingua franca. This indicates if someone has not the knowledge of English language, it is impossible for him to get a high status in society. Most of the people in Pakistan speak English just to communicate. They dont know the standard version of English. There are some people who are given the duty to use standard version of English. Some people say that English is not their mother language even then they can understand and speak the language. Some people in Pakistan like language teachers, policy makers, broad casters, and other institutions try to follow the standard version of language but some people just goof by the communication is affected in a bad way. Non-native Varieties of English According to Kachru (1978) who was the first introduced the nativized English variety in South Asia and he calls it English of South Asian people. In Kachrus point of view South Asia English is another linguistic phenomenon that helps in the identity of culture. He states that nativization should be considered the result of innovative trend in linguistics. These innovations are determined through the localized form of second language. After this development the new and non-native varieties of English were gradually recognized like Indian English, Sri Lankan English, Singaporean English, Nigerian English and Pakistani English. New varieties of English are termed as there are many recognizable varieties of written and spoken by a large number of people. No new variety of language is developed in isolation but it is dependant on the peoples communication needs who speak and write it. This kind of variety is known as interference variety because there is interference of culture and langu age in the culture and first language of the user. Several changes occur when the people of a language use it in various cultural situation or social context. When the non-native speakers use second language, they develops totally new version of expressions according to the communication requirements. If the bilingual person is the user of non-native variety then the different kinds switching transcription of codes, mixing and alteration are manifested in creativity. When two or more languages get in touch with another it causes the innovation. One of the major means of creativity in language is bilingualism (Talaat, 2003). The non-native verities are widely spread and have stable position that they are regarded as native like English. (Quirk, 1983:8). Bilingual Creativity in Pakistani English Newspaper The stylistics innovation and experimentation has found its pinnacle in literature and journalism. English writing tradition is old before the partition. But in present decades writing is a recognized at a national level. A national award is awarded by a national academy of letters for literature and journalists every year. English press has a large influence the sub-continent, the reason is that the educated class which is involved in the policy making reads and utilize it. One can find at least a recognized English newspaper in an average-sized city. English has become a medium of communication and to convey the message for many years but the cultural aspects are not conveyed in English language. This term is adopted by the news reporter to report the news items. These trends are used for various purposes like irony, cultural meaning and satire. Urdu symbols and metaphors are used regularly and frequently in Pakistani English. These kinds of symbols and metaphors represent the localized behaviours and attitudes and Pakistan social traditions. It is necessary the reader/listener to be familiar with the situation and cultural background to understand the metaphor and the meaning carried by speaker/listener. According to Littlemore (2001) the metaphors are inferred through the knowledge that is shared to a culture because these metaphors are culturally associated. Rationale of the Study This study shows that there is a lot of Urdu and other local words are used in English newspapers. This kind of conversion is introducing a new variety of English in Pakistan and even the vocabulary is changing. The major cause of this changing in vocabulary is the switching of English with local languages of Pakistan. An intensive and detailed study of newspapers indicates that in Pakistani English columns especially in news section localized words are found to a great extent. The comparison of the News and The Dawn shows the difference between the local and standard variety of English. This research indicates that the emerging trends in English newspaper have a great influence on Pakistani English at words and phrase level. This research shows the varieties of English when it is used by non-native speakers of English. Newspaper is a great source of language learning for students but if the language will not be comprehensible they may get confused and will not be able to learn langu age properly. So the language of newspaper must be clear and free from slang expressions that are used by Pakistani press. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE Research Method Population Population in this research was all newspapers daily, weekly, monthly, annually. This defined population is pretty suitable for this research as it is designed to seek the effects of local languages on English Newspapers. Sampling Sampling is a process of drawing representative elements forms the larger population or universe is called sampling. Obvious advantages of sampling are especially saving in time and money. Steps taken for sampling: Identification of the problem Determination of required sample size Required sample size Selection of sample We have randomly selected two newspapers The Dawn from May 31, 2012 to June 9, 2012 and The News from May 12, 2012 to May 21, 2012. Data Collection Pakistani English daily Dawn and The News was selected for the research. Founded in 1941 by the Quaid-e-Azam, Dawn News and The News are Pakistans oldest and most widely read English-language newspaper. The Dawn Group of newspapers is Pakistans second largest media group. The newspapers for the ten days were selected for the analysis. The borrowed words were isolated from the paper and their frequency of use was also recorded. The words then were tabulated according to their frequency of occurrence. Data was collected using a corpus of twenty English newspapers. The newspapers were scanned carefully and all Urdu and local language items were taken out. Data Analysis Data of this research was analyzed by using simple percentage and comparing the words of both newspapers The News and Dawn. At first the frequency of the words taken from the newspapers was compared and checked in parts then the highlighted items from all the newspapers were compared at the end. CHAPTER 4 ANALYSES OF THE DATA This chapter presents an analysis of the data that is gathered from English newspapers. In this chapter the result of reading ten newspapers are discussed i.e. The News and The Dawn. For this purpose, the findings are clearly presented in tables. These findings are also divided into different sections and frequency of the findings is also mentioned. Table 4.1 Content Analysis of The News May 12, 2012 and Dawn May 31, 2012 News Section the News fREQUENCY dawn fREQUENCY Bandwagon Tolas Kanals Marla Pehlwan Madrassa Bazaar Ghee Shriat Kilos Lashkar Hajj 1 7 2 1 1 1 4 15 1 1 1 1 Jo muhajir suby ka ghaddar hai wo maut ka haqdar hai. Sipah-i-Sahaba Shalwar Seth Sahib Qaumi Aman Jirga Sasti Roti Ashiana Haj Patwaris Fard Malkiat 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Sports Section the news frequency dawn frequency Subh-e-Nau 1 In this table, the most frequently used word is ghee and after it tolas is used. The words in the table have their equivalents in English language like shariat is the Arabic translation of Islamic decree and haj has its equivalent in English. All the words like pehlwan lashkar jirga have their translation in English but they are used in local languages in the newspaper due to culture association. In the table above The news has more words as compare to Dawn. Table 4.2 Content Analysis of The News May 13, 2012 and Dawn June 1, 2012. News Section THE NEWS FREQUENCY DAWN FREQUENCY Jiyalas Posh Area Hudood Zina Kuch khas Tazir Hiraba Jungle Kanal Tamgh-i-shujat Dahi baras Shalwar kameez 2 1 4 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 Qaumparasti Shalwar Qameez Muttahida Mahaz Zila Fatwa Ulema Naqis-ul-iman Alim Sajda Naqis-ul aqal Pakora Wagon Bharpoor Patwaris Darul Amman Panchayat Jirga 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 Showbiz Section THE NEWS FREQUENCY DAWN FREQUENCY Awami suit Yahan log sirf dou wajah sy nahin rokta bara gaari aur bara darhi Ajrak Boy girl scene he nahin khatam hota No bank ki naukri, No denting painting ka kam Walayati Naughty toh hamari Veena Malik ya Nargis lagti hain. Aurat doshmany namanzoor Janubi Punjab Tabla 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 In this table the most frequent word is hudood. This word is translated as limitation in English language but that is used in the newspaper as an Islamic term that relates to the culture of Pakistan. In the table above The News has more words than Dawn. Table 4.3 Content Analysis of The News May 14, 2012 and Dawn June 2, 2012 News Section THE NEWS FREQUENCY DAWN FREQUENCY Nazim Maulana Musalmanon ky zawal sy dunya ko kia nuqsan pohncha Daku Raj Lakh Mandi Baboos Kanal Sardar Mela Ulema-e-islam Qabristan Shaheeds Insaf ho to aisa ho wah wah Pakistani qanoon zindabaad Patwaris Thanedar Jihadist Nazim-e-aala Madrassa Nazim Peshawar sadar tehrik ke ainay mein and baghaat-e Peshawar Roti kapra aur makan Masala Darbar Mufti Yaar Dosti Sardar Burqas 3 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 <

Symbolism In Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare

In William Shakespeare's Macbeth, symbolism plays a prominent role to emphasize the theme of corruption of power. Throughout the play there are several main symbols repeatedly used to emphasize this theme. The contrast of light and dark representing good and evil, blood representing guilt, murder, and pain, and the archetypal pattern of purification by using water represents removal of guilt, cleansing and peace. Symbolism is used repeatedly to emphasize the theme of corruption of power. The image of blood plays an important role throughout Macbeth. Blood represents the murders that Macbeth had committed, the guilt that went along with the murders and the pain that it brought on him during his downfall. The soldier describes the violence and bloodshed, in the war between Scotland and Norway, "Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds." (I. ii. 43) foreshadows the violent nature of the play filled with murder, guilt and pain. Blood in the murder of King Duncan also plays a major role because it represents Macbeth's guilt as well as his shame for slaying King Duncan. Macbeth observes his blood stained hands and remarks "As they had seen me with these hangman's hands." (II. ii. 28) This reveals his guilt and shame because he is comparing his hands to those of an executioner's. After the murder, Macbeth refuses to return back to the bed chamber of Kind Duncan to smear the blood on the sleeping guards, because he is afraid that the blood will incriminate him further. Lady Macbeth smearing the blood onto the guards represents them trying to rub their guilt off onto the guard. "I'll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt" (II. ii. 73) but this proves to be ineffective because Macbeth ends up murdering t... ... a dark setting used which involved supernatural events, while the light setting was used for last battle, when Macbeth was slain at the end to show the restoration of peace and honesty. Thus the symbolism of light and darkness representing good and evil in the play emphasizes the theme of corruption of power. In conclusion, symbolism is used to emphasize a theme through repetition and imagery. It is used to emphasize the theme of the corruption of power due to Macbeth's actions. Blood representing guilt, blood murder, and pain, the contrast of light and dark representing good and evil and the archetypal pattern of purification by using water representing removal of guilt, cleansing and peace are the main symbols used repeatedly to emphasize this theme. These symbols portray the theme effectively to allow the audience to grasp and involve themselves into the play.

How is our I-Function related to Impulsive Behavior? :: Impulses Neurology Papers

How is our I-Function related to Impulsive Behavior? What are impulses? We experience impulses every day. Why are you wearing your orange shirt today? Why did you pick a salad for dinner instead of steak? Why did you drive one route to work as opposed to another? I suppose some people are more spontaneous than others, but can impulses be called sporadic? Uncontrolled? Are they valid choices you have made - or are impulses something we do not realize we are powerless to? Can we choose to say certain things? Do we have any choices? Who, or what rather, is in control? Some people have impulses that are not conducive to the decorum of society. Some people cannot explain their need, their impulse, to shout obscenities, to make strange faces at strangers, or to excessively mimic others around them. Tourette's Syndrome is one example of a disorder that causes a person to be overwhelmed by impulses to say and do things that they cannot control. Do impulses have varying degrees? And can some people more efficiently control these impulses, or channel the impulsive thoughts into something other than actions? Is our behavior conducive to the ability to monitor numerous impulses of all degrees? And I wonder what role I-function plays in behavior, if behavior is explained in terms of controlled impulses. I wrote my last paper on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the implications that this disorder has on our understanding of the I-function. OCD patients are overwhelmed by the impulse to do certain actions or rituals that calm their fears. These fears might be of germs, heights, strangers, or something less common. OCD sufferers are treated by attempts to help the patients teach themselves to overcome their impulses that relieve their unfounded fears. The question that arises is how the OCD sufferer can be aware of their unrealistic and unprecedented fears, but cannot control their impulsive behavior? We are not conscious of the blind spot when our brain 'fills in' the empty area created by the blind spot, and thus have no control over our blind spot. However, OCD patients are aware of their brain's autonomous control over their behavior that causes obscure actions and thoughts that are typical of OCD patients. The I-function is not involved in the blind spot, but is it or is it not involved in OCD behaviors? How can the OCD patient be aware of what is going on, but not be able to control himself?

The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama

Although he never sets out to explicitly discuss a definition of leadership, we are quite able to see his point of view by considering the two places in the text where the Dalai Lama specifically praises a person as a good leader. The first of these is his own sister. In the course of his discussion of the many difficulties managing the groups of destitute refugees who had fled into India, her contribution was invaluable. As an explanation of why, he tells us that, â€Å"She had an enormous capacity for hard work. This, coupled with her rather fierce nature, made her an excellent leader.By itself, this description does not quite bring out the focus of his compliment; but that focus is made somewhat more clear when he tells us, a few pages later, about Mr. Luthi, a worker with the Swiss Red Cross. He was, â€Å"a man of tremendous zeal and energy, a real leader, who drove the people under him extremely hard. † For the Dalai Lama, then, there seem to be two elements to leadersh ip, one is the ability to bring a tremendous amount of effort to the task in question, and the second is an ability to get a similar effort out of the people you are leading.At first glance, this appears to be somewhat at odds with this holy man’s compassionate, peaceful nature. However, such an appearance is mitigated when we consider the numerous places throughout the book where we see that he holds himself to exactly the same rigorous standard. A particularly good example of this is when his observation of the struggles of his people made his responsibility fully tangible, even given his relative youth. â€Å"One thing my journey down had convinced me of was the need to study hard and learn as much as I could.I owed it to the faith of my people to be the best person I could be. † What was/is their leadership philosophy? As we might expect from the discussion above, the core of the Dalai Lama’s leadership philosophy is to lead by example. In addition to the pa ssages above, this idea also runs throughout the course of the text in the form of his consistent focus on creating opportunities for personal, one-on-one contact with the people he is trying to lead and/or persuade—whether the citizens of Tibet, or the political leaders of China and India.In talking about the positive changes he was able to bring about in government, for instance, we learn that he was, â€Å"determined to be entirely open, to show everything and not to hide behind etiquette. In this way I hoped that people would relate to me as one human being to another. † Even more telling is his narrative account concerning the fighting by Tibetan guerilla forces operating from over the border in Nepal. He feared that their attacks against the Chinese occupying forces would only end in more bloodshed, and he realized, â€Å"that the only way I could hope to make an impression on them was by making a personal appeal. †As the Dalai Lama, any discussion of this man’s philosophy (of anything) must be placed in the context of his religious vocation to bring compassion and an end of suffering to all sentient beings. We see this underlying motivation suggested in the passages already quoted, but we see it move to the fore in the form of leaders that he himself admired. Perhaps none of the examples he gives is more familiar and understandable to us than that of Mahatma Gandhi, whom he considered to be the ultimate politician because he was able to be such a great example to his people of the difficult ideals he expected of them—namely, altruism and non-violence.How did they learn to lead? With characteristic humility, our author shows us that his most important, and most lasting, lessons in leadership were learned from his various large and small mistakes over the years. In one anecdote, we hear the story of the younger Dalai Lama punishing a pet parrot because it did not respond to him with the desired affection. Once he had bea ten it with a stick, it â€Å"thereafter fled at the sight of me. This was a very good lesson in how to make friends: not by force but by compassion. †The same lesson was shaped by his religious studies as a monk, and we see it reflected in mature form years later in his attempt to deal with repeated acts of deception by Chairman Mao. â€Å"Besides,† the Dalai Lama tells us, â€Å"as far as I was concerned, a positive approach was the only sensible one to take. There was no point in being negative, that only makes a bad situation worse. † Did they challenge the process? Not only has he challenged the process for the last forty-plus years, but the Dalai Lama is still challenging the process.In areas from promoting the role of women in Tibetan government to working for U. N. resolutions and intervention in the case of Tibet’s occupation by China, it is not unfair to say that his whole career has been an attempt to challenge the way international politics is conducted. Would you consider them inspirational? If so, why? The thing that is probably the most inspiring about him is that in spite of all that he and his people have been through, he still responds by seeing and hoping for the best in people. Near the end of the book he says, â€Å".. . for there are more than a billion Chinese, and whilst maybe several thousand are participating in acts of cruelty at any one moment, I believe there must be several million performing acts of kindness. † How did they build a team and strengthen others? This is, perhaps, best shown in the account of his discussion with Prime Minister Nehru over the treatment and education of the Tibetan refugees who had come to India. His main approach is to appeal to the very best part of human nature in each of the people around him.In the case of Nehru, the Dalai Lama had laid out his case and, as hoped, Nehru’s humanitarian instincts won out in the end. The same idea is repeated in other places in the book, though not so succinctly. In general we see the application of his faith in leadership by example. In this case by the moral example he presents. By making sure that people can deal with him one-on-one, they are able to see his honesty and sincerity, and, thereby, be inspired by that side of themselves. Did they practice what they preached?In order to answer this question, let us first attempt to encapsulate what the Dalai Lama preached (and preaches). In relation to leadership, it would be fair to say that his sermon consists in: Hold yourself and the people you lead to high standards; the highest of which is to be selfless, altruistic, to put the welfare of others ahead of your own. In looking back over his struggles, there are a lot of examples of this on his part. One of the most pivotal instances was when he had to make the hard decision to leave Tibet.He realized that only if he left would the gathered crowd — protesting against the Chinese, and protecting their leader from the Chinese — disperse, thereby saving them all from deadly Chinese military reprisals. In one decisive moment he gave up his beloved homeland of Tibet in order to save hundreds and hundreds of lives. How did they handle mistakes? Perhaps owing to his lifelong academic training as a Buddhist monk, the Dalai Lama sees each mistake as a learning situation. We have already seen a good example of this in the story of the parrot, in which he made the mistake of beating it to change its behavior.In looking for an example where he made a significant mistake as the leader of Tibet, there is the gradual realization that he had been wrong to believe in the good intentions of Chairman Mao. In contrast to earlier periods where he had been uplifted by his faith in Mao’s underlying goodness, and, in fact, had often appealed to him concerning the conduct of occupying soldiers in Tibet, later in the story we hear the Dalai Lama say, â€Å"I began to see that Chairma n Mao’s words were like a rainbow – beautiful, but without substance.† In response to this realization, the Dalai Lama comes away with a better understanding of how China has worked to create a misleading PR campaign to undermine the appeals of the Tibetan leadership among the world community, and he comes away with a different strategy for moving forward based on getting accurate observers into and out of Tibet to provide objective information on the condition and treatment of the Tibetan people at the hands of the Chinese. How did they recognize the accomplishments of others?Given his varied, persistent needs in trying to keep the Tibetan culture safe and thriving, as well as the managerial tasks of the refugee population, and the political tasks of building international support for his cause, the primary effect of someone showing great leadership or achievement has been to give them more leadership responsibility. We see this talked about in regard to his tut ors, his close associates, and even his own family. By way of illustration, we need only point back to the example given earlier concerning his sister.Because of her ability and demonstrated energy as the manager of the household, he created a situation where the entire refugee population was part of her â€Å"household. † What could we all learn from this person that would make us better leaders? One of the recurrent elements throughout the story is his sincere desire to connect with people, we see him constantly working to meet people — whether they be Tibetan or foreign, wealthy or poor, politician or scientist. In fact, he made it a personal goal to try and meet with every refugee coming into India from Tibet and with other religious leaders whenever he went abroad.He repeatedly mentions these opportunities as being the most valuable part of his life in exile. More than just the intrinsic value of these connections and interactions with people from all different wa lks of life, though, he also helps us to see that there is a secondary benefit in terms of making someone an effective leader. One of the many positive side effects to come from his interactions, especially with the Tibetan masses, is that by remaining close to the common people, a leader avoids being, â€Å"misled by advisors and others around you who, for reasons of their own, might wish to prevent you from seeing things clearly. †

Evaluate the appropriateness of business information Essay

In this task I will be evaluating the appropriateness of business information used to make a strategic decision. In this part of the task I will be focusing on Tesco business. I will be talking about the importance in strategic decisions within Tesco and how they use the decisions for their business. Also I will be evaluating how the strategic decisions affect the financial performance of Tesco. Tesco Price Promise Website: Tesco uses the price checker to show customers that they are the cheapest supermarket out of the three leading supermarkets, Sainsbury’s, Morrisons and Asda. This is an important strategy for Tesco as they are able to gain customers as well as being competitors this leads to Tesco being able to make more profit compared to Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury’s. Tesco has given this facility to people so that they are able to see where they have saved money and what they have got cheaper. Tesco has mainly got the price checker facility for themselves and this would be so that they can see what they need to do to be able to gain more customers as they are able to see what there consumers like. Tesco’s provide information which is valid and up to date so that it is easy and fast for the customers to compare the prices of every product they buy. This strategy is used to create marketing plans which then leads on to the strategic decisions made for Tesco. This is done by using the information as part of their marketing plan which will gain customers and maintain their business. Tesco Price Promise Receipt: Tesco doesn’t only provide their customers with the facility to go home and check on the internet how much they are saving but they also give their customer the opportunity to check how much they have saved compared to Asda, Morrisons and Sainsbury’s. This is done when they buy 10 or more items, they would automatically compare your final prices with the other supermarkets and give you two receipt of which one contains your main shopping list and prices and one says you have ‘ £ (something amount) off your next shop’ and this something amount is the amount of money you have saved in your shopping that same day. You are given two options at the bottom of the receipt which is where you can go to the customer service desk and get a voucher for the  amount you have shopped of using the code go onto online. Most importantly Tesco is giving the chance for you to do everything while shopping this is an advantage towards the customers as they would not want to go home and go through a long process whereas they can do it fast and much more easily. This increase profits the profit within the business as Tesco is providing you with products for cheaper and helping you. This also becomes more competitive against a rival as they have a way to increase customers and steal the customers there rivals have. This concludes to a positive financial performance as Tesco are gaining customers and earning a profit compared to other supermarkets. Tesco Club Card: Tesco has a club card facility, and this is a card which can be kept as a key ring as well as a card in your wallet. This allows you to gain points every time you shop at Tesco. This is also beneficial to Tesco as well because they are able to see what you have bought in your shopping basket and according to that they send you vouchers on your most bought items, allowing you to buy more. Also they give you vouchers so that you come back to Tesco as your shopping would be cheaper than it normally is, this attracts customers as they are saving money on their shop and this is what they want. This information Tesco is gaining helps them as they are able to achieve more customers so this increase the rival competitors and they are also gaining an increase in profit and customers due to the fact more people are shopping at Tesco and using the services they provide, this also means Tesco are able to develop even more. Tesco’s financial accounts from 2011-2012 The image above shows the financial highlights of Tesco within the world and the image on the right shows the financial highlights of Tesco in the UK. These figures reflect on the strategic decision as it would help Tesco to make future budgets and it also shows whether the services and facilities they have set up actually help make a profit for the business. Also it helps make long term decision like where they should expand next and how they would meet their aims. Also the price checker would has contributed to this as it has increased the amount of customers that shop at Tesco also it has shown people awareness of the Tesco business itself and this has increased the sales of Tesco which has been able to increase the sales revenue. Conclusion: Overall, I believe that Tesco has many strategies and these strategies help Tesco to make further decisions on what they will be doing as they would be aiming to increase profit, and become the better rivals. Tesco’s financial performance is getting better due to the better strategic decisions made within the company to increase profit and gain customers. Tesco uses the clever tools for them to be an effective company so that financial performances increase, which allows marketing plans to be made. This allows Tesco to create their strategic decisions, proving the information is appropriate.

Microfinance in India

India has always been a very agrarian focused culture, with approximately 450 million people are currently in need of funds. Micromanage encompasses many different types of services such as credit, savings, Insurance, remittance and pensions. Micromanage Initiatives primarily focus on microcircuit services because rural towns are heavily reliant on credit for a wide range of needs for example engage In economic activity, consumption needs, mitigate Income shocks, Increase savings and improve self-empowerment. In many micromanage areas, women comprise most of the groups because they are seen as more reliable with funds.Indian's micromanage evolution can be broken down into 4 distinct phases. Indian's micromanage movement started in 1903 through its credit cooperative movement. Before this movement, the poor often relied on the village's money lender whenever they needed access to cash. Money lenders were notorious for high interest rates; they would charge approximately 3%-8% per mont h on loans. Although money lenders would prey on farmer, they had no other choice to use them because they could not get access to banks. Farmers' earnings were directly related to how well their crops fared.High Interest rates coupled with possible years of famine made repayment Impossible caused agrarians to riot. In 1904, the Co-operative Society Act extended credit to Indian villages under government sponsorship as an alternative to traditional money lenders. Cooperatives were the only option to most rural areas because of its spatial spread and penetration in remote areas. During this phase commercial banks did not venture into rural areas because they were in the private sector and had no incentive to extend their outreach to rural areas. However they became unreliable because of NAP inefficiencies and they lacked revisionism's.Credit cooperatives had trouble distributing funds due to frozen assets from overdue repayments. Therefore rural areas stopped using credit cooperative s and opted for high interest money lenders. The next phase of Indian's micromanage evolution was the Nationalization of Social Banking. In 1969, former Prime Minister Nadir Ghanaian nationalized 14 major sector banks In part of her political policy to eradicate poverty. After the nationalization of banks, regional rural banks (Orbs) were created in order to strengthen the rural banking structure and reach more people.These banks offered a hybrid service of the previous cooperative banks with a more localized approach. Approximately a decade after, the government sponsored the Integrated Rural Development Program (ARID) to deliver RSI. 15000 to the poor. Indian's Integrated Rural Development Program (ARID) is a great example of inefficient subsidized credit. This program was set up in order to address the need to allocate funds according to social targets, meaning that 30% of the fund was allocated to socially excluded groups (defined using the caste system) and 30% towards women.Be tween 1979 and 1989, there was a huge period f ARID growth due to a huge subsidy budget of $6 billion. But despite the huge fund, the scheme did not generate a good Institutional performance. ARID repayment rates fell below and only of borrowers took out a second loan after the first loan was repaid; which is particularly troubling given it is perceived that repeating rate fell to Just 31%, and therefore the ARID failed its key purpose: being a reliable and meaningful lender to the poor.According to the Rural Finance Program at the Ohio State University, the main mistake government-led development banks (such as he ARID) made, was to view offering credit as the same as offering seeds. Ohio argues that credit should be thought of as a fungible tool of financial intermediation, and as not as a specific input into a production process. They claimed that credit could not Just be directed towards any particular section of society; and when this was linked with cheap credit policies, this caused havoc in rural financial markets.This outcome was due to the inadequate accounting of incentive effects and politics associated with subsidies. It is argued that subsidizing banks created inefficient monopolies and removed market tests. Some have even gone on to say that the households involved would have been better off without the subsidies. Firstly subsidized banks pushed out the informal money lenders, a source of credit the poor heavily rely on. Secondly, the use of subsidized credit means that the interest rate, a rationing mechanism, is driven down below market rates, breaking down the rationing mechanism.This meant that credit was no longer allocated to the most productive projects, and was often distributed on the basis of political and social desires. Thirdly, with subsidized lending, bankers incentives to collect savings posits were almost eradicated due to the constant flow of capital from the government, so poor households were left with unattractive and ineffic ient ways to save. During this phase, a trade union of self-employed women workers in Gujarat established a Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWS) bank in 1974.Approximately 4000 members contributed RSI. 10 to register as a co-operative bank to provide banking services to poor women. This successful bank was one of the first initiatives to introduce micromanage. The third phase of Indian's micromanage evolution is the introduction of SSH bank engage program and the growth of MONGO- Miff. The National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Banking (ONBOARD) was established in 1982 to focus primarily on agricultural and rural development. In 1992, ONBOARD pioneered the first self help group.These informal groups of women promote savings among members and used these resources for meeting their credit needs. A breakdown of this model is that in every meeting, the members would put aside a certain amount for deposit. These deposits are then recorded and through accumulation they become a way for members to lend to each other. Although the interest rates in this model are higher than what banks offer, the SSH groups reap the benefits because the repayment goes directly into the group's savings. This means that the group's loaning capabilities increases the more its members regularly save.In this model, there is no formal banking institution that provides loans. The primary goal of this model is for all members to begin their own saving initiatives. Later this model evolved to become part of Self Help Group Bank Linkage program (Kbps); after analyzing a SSH for 6 to 8 months, banks would pair up with groups to extend the credit of the group. After another period of 6 to 8 months, banks would offer a larger credit line; the maximum a group could borrow was four times their current savings account. Currently Kbps account for 58% of current loans outstanding.Micromanage Institutions (Miff), Non These type of institutions are similar to Bangladesh Grahame Model. In 1976 Unhan dsomely created the Grahame Bank Model as a project to assist poor families by offering credit. Grahame means Mileage† in Bengali. This type of banking was used to show that the poor people of Bangladesh are indeed bankable and able to pay back loans without promising collateral. The model success is based on the fact that there is no need for collateral however through group peer pressure, 96% of all loans are repaid.By offering lower interest rates than the Government of Bangladesh and weekly repayment schedules, the Grahame model has been very successful. This model has been very successful in Bangladesh and has become a formal banking structure in 1983. India modified this banking structure and Joint Liability Groups Loss) became the dominant model used in Micromanage institutions (Miff). This model is similar to Bangladesh Grahame Model but it introduces an important concept, Joint liability. In this model, there is usually 4 to 10 members who are self selected.Due to sel f selection, most of Joint liability groups are homogeneous groups. Whenever the group decides to take out a loan, all members must sign a Joint liability contract; this ensures that if one member fails to repay the loans, the other members are liable for it. This type of collateral is called social collateral because members often use peer pressure to make sure that all members repay their loans. This type of group is intended to Just be credit groups and regular savings by embers are not required. The group only exists because individual members are legally bound to one another.Miff prefer this model to provide credit to tenant farmers because the groups are easy to make and there are less restrictions regarding the utilization of the loan. During this phase, Miff experienced a boom because Nags coupled themselves with Miff to attract commercial investment. Indian's current phase of micromanage encompasses the centralization of micromanage. Throughout its history, micromanage has gone through an intense transformation to provide microcircuit for a wide range of services. Currently India uses a hybrid of the above models in its Miff.However Miff are being criticized for its high interest rates. Many borrowers only apply for loans between 5000-20000 rupees; the small value incurs high fixed costs for Miff. To avoid losing money, Miff often charge higher interest rates. Four key reasons why Miff charge high rates include: the cost of funds, Miff operating expenses, loan losses, and profits needed to expand their capital base and fund expected future growth. The costs that are associated with microcosms are the cost of the money to loan, cost of loan defaults ND transaction and operating costs.However it is important to note that there is approximately 450 million people untouched by any micromanage services. These people are often referred to as â€Å"unbreakable† because they rely on family members or moneylenders for financial services. During 2005-201 0, India experienced a boom in micromanage with state, Andorra Pradesh, leading the reform. However it was soon realized that Miff were using unethical practices to collect payments from borrowers. These practices escalated to cause many borrowers to commit suicide, little of borrowing and accept high interest rates to avoid Miff.The state government of Andorra Pradesh responded by enacting the Andorra Pradesh Micromanage Institutions (regulation of money lending) Act in 2010. The act made it they didn't have to pay back the loans and the government would protect them. This led the repayment rate to plummet from 99% to a mere 10%. The act was trying to protect the borrower and punish Miff for charging exorbitant interest rates and causing over borrowing. Critics of the act state that She were also part of the crisis ND that they were not negatively affected by the act as Miff were.They state that government backed She were also part of over borrowing and the act limits Miff business and successfully reduces competition between both micromanage institutions. The act negatively affected Miff profitability, loan recovery and their overall operations. The result of the crisis left many Miff at negative worth, this in return limits their accessibility to garner fresh funds and their overall ability to reach the rural poor. According to the norms, banks are not allowed to lend to banks that have negative worth.The crisis left micromanage companies like SHARE Microfilm, Ashman Microfilm, Spandex Sporty Financial, Trident Microfilm, and Future Financial Services unable to disburse fresh loans to clients. Banks also lost trust in Miff and there has been a serious liquidity crunch. Increased costs of borrowing coupled with the inability to access new funds further strained the profitability of Miff. Len conclusion, the enactment of the Andorra Pradesh Act stifled the access of basic financial services to the poorest of India citizens. The current goal for Indian's micro manage sector is poverty alleviation through uncial inclusion and inclusive growth.The 2010 Andorra Pradesh Crisis highlighted a few issues of Indian's micromanage sector. The crisis was due to high interest rates and multiple memberships and borrowing. Other issues include inadequate outreach and coverage, lack of regulation, limited product innovation, rising Naps and recovery issues, ratings of Miff and data availability. Proposed Micromanage Bill of 2012 After the 2010 Andorra Pradesh Crisis, the government was very worried over the state of Miff and proposed a bill to the development and regulation of Miff.The bill allows the central government to be the sole regulator and supervisor of Miff by creating the Micro Finance Development Council to oversee the development of Miff. Specifically the bill wants all Miff that are Non Banking Financial Companies (NBS) to be regulated by RIB while Miff that aren't companies would be regulated by the respective state governments because th ey will be able to take a more localized approach and be better equipped to serve them. The bill would also require Miff to provide an annual balance sheet, profit and loss account for audit to RIB at the end of ACH fiscal year.RIB would also have the authority to set the maximum annual interest charged and maximum limit on the margins Miff are allowed to make. RIB becoming the prime regulator for Miff increases uniformity and stability. However critics of the bill rather have a whole entire new body to regulate the micromanage sector such as Micromanage Regulatory and Development Authority. Key issues that still need to addressed: relating to margin, interest rate cap, allowing collection of thrift by Miff, enabling Miff to render other services than credit like pensions, insurance, etc. Ceiling limit on credit, and regulation. Critics don't want a cap on interest rates or margins because they believe that it negatively affects the entire private micromanage sector. Specifically pr ice controls only benefits a few while The bill lacks specific provisions, which would provide and facilitate financial inclusion at an affordable cost to poor and weaker sections. The bill doesn't address what led to the AP Crisis: multiple credit lending, over-indebtedness, multiple memberships and coercive measures adopted by Miff.